ArticleThe Plant cell2025
A chromosome-level Mitragyna parvifolia genome unveils spirooxindole alkaloid diversification and mitraphylline biosynthesis.
Article in The Plant cell, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- A review on Mitragyna alkaloids pharmacology, biosynthesis and biotechnological insights.Journal, genetic engineering & biotechnology · 2026Review
- A Near Telomere-to-Telomere Genome of Belamcanda chinensis Provides Insights Into Genome Evolution and the Biosynthesis of Characteristic Isoflavones.Plant biotechnology journal · 2026Article
- Identification and Optimization of Kratom Strictosidine Pathway Enabled by Yeast Multiplex Engineering.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Straight outta clusters: differing gene duplication patterns for alkaloid biosynthesis and floral traits in California poppy.The Plant cell · 2026Article
- UV-B and far-red light shape morphological and phytochemical responses in kratom.Frontiers in plant science · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
10 authors.
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Abstract
Monoterpene indole alkaloids (MIAs) found in the Rubiaceae have varied pharmaceutical uses. Spirooxindole alkaloids are a structural subtype of MIAs with a unique spiro[pyrrolidine-3,3'-oxindole] ring system. Despite their intriguing structures and potent bioactivities, the evolution and diversification of spirooxindole alkaloids remain poorly understood. We report a high-quality chromosome-scale genome assembly of Mitragyna parvifolia, a tree species of the Rubiaceae family that predominantly produces the spirooxindole alkaloid mitraphylline. Comparative genomics, including comprehensive synteny and phylogeny analyses across the MIA-producing order Gentianales revealed a whole-genome duplication event underlying the divergence of the Cinchonoideae alliance from the Coffeeae alliance, leading to diversification of MIA biosynthesis. Transcriptome analyses of young and mature leaves, stems, stipules, and roots integrated with MIA profiling and genome analyses revealed several candidates in the MIA biosynthetic pathway. Functional characterization of selected candidates led to the elucidation of the biosynthesis of the antiproliferative spirooxindole mitraphylline in M. parvifolia. These genomic and transcriptomic resources are invaluable to identify the evolutionary origins and diversification of MIAs and spirooxindole alkaloids.
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