ArticleDiabetes care2025
Ultra-processed Foods and Diet Quality in Association With Long-term Weight Change and Progression to Type 2 Diabetes Among Individuals With a History of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus-A Prospective Study.
Article in Diabetes care, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Association between ultra-processed food exposure and gestational diabetes mellitus by diet balance index for pregnancy in Chinese women.Asia Pacific journal of clinical nutrition · 2026Article
- Environmental exposure to perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate in relation to myopia in adolescents: a cross-sectional NHANES study.European journal of medical research · 2026Article
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10 authors.
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Abstract
objectiveWe examined the associations of overall and group-specific ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption with long-term weight change and type 2 diabetes (T2D) progression following gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)-complicated pregnancies. RESEARCH DESIGN AND
methodsWe included 4,207 women with a history of GDM from the Nurses' Health Study II (1991-2021). UPF intake (servings/day) was assessed via food frequency questionnaires every 4 years and quantified per the NOVA classification. Diet quality was evaluated using the Alternate Healthy Eating Index-2010 (AHEI). Associations between UPF intake changes and weight changes (kg) were assessed using generalized estimating equations (GEE) (n = 3,781). Cox regression models estimated adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs of habitual UPF intake modeled by time-updated cumulative averages with T2D risk. Joint associations of UPF and AHEI with weight change and T2D risk were examined using the same GEE and Cox regression models, respectively.
resultsT2D developed in 1,040 participants. Increased UPF consumption was associated with greater weight gain (P-trend < 0.0001; quartile 1 [Q1] vs. Q4: 0.52 kg vs. 1.65 kg). Habitual UPF consumption was positively associated with T2D risk: adjusted HRs (95% CIs) for Q1 to Q4 were 1.00 (ref), 1.07 (0.87, 1.32), 1.25 (1.03, 1.53), and 1.20 (0.99, 1.46), respectively (P-trend = 0.04). These associations persisted in women with higher AHEI scores. When modeling UPF and AHEI jointly, only women with stable or decreased UPF intake and increased AHEI achieved 4-year weight maintenance.
conclusionsIn women with a history of GDM, UPF consumption was associated with weight gain and higher T2D risk, even among those with higher diet quality.
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