ReviewInternational ophthalmology2025
Diagnosis and treatment of autoimmune retinopathy: review of current approaches.
Review in International ophthalmology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Paraneoplastic neurologic syndrome in a 65-year-old woman with small cell lung cancer.CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne · 2026Article
- Paraneoplastic syndromes and the retina.Current opinion in ophthalmology · 2026Review
- Mitochondrial Macular Dystrophy-A Case Report and Mini Review of Retinal Dystrophies.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeTo provide a comprehensive overview of the existing understanding regarding the clinical characteristics, diagnostic investigation, and treatment strategies for autoimmune retinopathy (AIR). To emphasize the lack of consensus in the field and the ongoing controversies regarding best practices.
methodsNarrative review of the literature on PubMed and Google Scholar databases.
resultsAIR comprises a group of rare autoimmune disorders causing retinal degeneration, characterized by rapid vision deterioration linked to circulating anti-retinal autoantibodies (ARAs). The spectrum includes primary autoimmune diseases and associations with retinitis pigmentosa or various malignancies, raising questions about the causative role of antibodies. Non-paraneoplastic AIR patients may be younger on average than paraneoplastic AIR patients and may have a higher likelihood of being female and having a history of autoimmune disease. Diagnosing AIR is challenging due to its complex pathophysiology, overlapping phenotypes, the absence of standardized diagnostic criteria, and the limited availability of specialized serological testing for ARAs. Despite decades of research progress, the exact mechanisms underlying ocular immune privilege breakdown and the autoimmune attack on retinal cells in AIR remain unknown.
conclusionsThe diagnosis and management of AIR present ongoing challenges, with no international consensus on diagnostic criteria or treatment protocols. While several authors consider the identification of circulating ARAs crucial for diagnosis, there is disagreement on the pathogenicity of specific antibodies, including anti-recoverin. The lack of randomized controlled trials and a universally accepted treatment protocol for AIR further contribute to uncertainties in its management. Despite recent advances, AIR remains an enigmatic condition, necessitating further research to establish standardized diagnostic and therapeutic guidelines.
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