ReviewCureus2025
Association Between Long-Term Proton Pump Inhibitor Therapy and Vitamin B12 Status: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Review in Cureus, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Construction and validation of a clinical predictive nomogram for subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord based on LASSO regression.Frontiers in neurology · 2026Article
- Association between proton pump inhibitor use and vitamin B12 deficiency: a retrospective cohort study in primary care centers in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.Annals of Saudi medicineArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are widely prescribed medications that have been linked to vitamin B12 deficiency. However, due to methodological differences between studies and the diagnostic inaccuracies of vitamin B12 assessment methods used, results are conflicting. This systematic review and meta-analysis investigated the association between chronic (>6 months) PPI use and vitamin B12 deficiency by assessing two biomarkers of vitamin B12 status: serum vitamin B12 and total homocysteine levels. A systematic search was conducted using PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar. Data was extracted from each study and used to calculate standardised mean differences and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for serum vitamin B12 and total homocysteine levels between chronic PPI users and controls using a random effects model. Heterogeneity was tested via chi-squared, with p<0.05 indicating significant heterogeneity, and the degree of heterogeneity was quantified using the I² statistic. Six studies (1587 cases and 2272 controls), consisting of three cross-sectional studies, two cohort studies, and one randomised controlled trial, met the inclusion criteria. The standardised mean differences for serum total vitamin B12 (0.01, 95% CI -0.14-0.16, p=0.92) and total homocysteine levels (0.05, 95% CI -0.02-0.11, p=0.17) showed no difference between PPI users and controls. There was no association between chronic PPI use and vitamin B12 deficiency when assessing total serum vitamin B12 and total homocysteine levels. A lack of studies using multiple vitamin B12 biomarkers makes it difficult to recommend monitoring of vitamin B12 levels in low-risk patients prescribed chronic PPIs. Therefore, future studies should include at least two biomarkers of vitamin B12 status (serum vitamin B12, homocysteine, methylmalonic acid, and holotranscobalamin), in addition to serum folate, serum calcium, and dietary intake, across several age brackets and PPI dosages.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.