ArticleFrontiers in nutrition2025
Pre-season and in-season body composition assessment by bioimpedance in professional football athletes: implications for sports nutrition, physical performance, and hormonal health.
Article in Frontiers in nutrition, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Seasonal transitions in professional football specifically between the pre-season and in-season phases are accompanied by distinct physiological, hormonal, and nutritional demands. Understanding these fluctuations is essential to optimizing dietary periodization, improving performance outcomes, and supporting player recovery. This study aimed to assess and compare the dietary intake, hormonal biomarkers, and body composition of professional football players during the pre-season and in-season phases. A cross-sectional observational study was conducted on 15 professional male football players (mean age: 25.15 ± 3.78 years). Dietary intake was recorded over 7 consecutive days during each phase and analyzed using ESHA Food Processor software. Nutrient adequacy was evaluated against established sports nutrition guidelines. Physical performance (30-meter sprint, vertical jump, and Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1), body composition (body weight, fat mass, and fat-free mass via bioimpedance), and hormonal biomarkers (GH, IGF-1, testosterone, insulin, cortisol) were also measured. Average daily energy and carbohydrate intake were higher during the in-season phase (3,240 kcal and 392.0 g, respectively) compared to pre-season (2,890 kcal and 349.6 g), though the differences were not statistically significant (
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