ReviewClinical, cosmetic and investigational dentistry2025
Immunohistochemical Markers in the Early Identification of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Systematic Review.
Review in Clinical, cosmetic and investigational dentistry, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a prevalent malignancy of the head and neck, often only diagnosed at advanced stages due to the limitations of conventional diagnostic tools. Early detection is crucial for improving survival rates, minimising treatment-related morbidity, and enhancing patient outcomes. Immunohistochemical (IHC) markers have emerged as potential tools for identifying early molecular changes associated with malignant transformation in oral epithelial cells. Objective: This systematic review aims to evaluate the diagnostic performance of IHC markers in the early detection of OSCC, focusing on their sensitivity, specificity and clinical applicability. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted for relevant studies published between 2015 and 2025. After removing duplicates using Mendeley Software, 412 studies were identified. A total of 168 studies were excluded following title screening, and 181 were excluded based on abstract screening. Sixty-three full-text articles were reviewed for eligibility. An additional 20 studies were identified through reference list screening. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 6 studies were included in the final analysis. Results: The review identified several IHC markers, including p53, Ki-67, EGFR, and p16, as frequently associated with early dysplastic changes and malignant transformation in the oral mucosa. While many markers showed high sensitivity and specificity, variability in study design, antibody clones, interpretation criteria, and staining protocols limited the generalisability of the findings. Conclusion: IHC markers demonstrate considerable potential for the early identification of OSCC. However, standardised protocols, large-scale multicentre validation studies, and integration with molecular diagnostics are needed to establish their clinical utility. The findings of this review support the incorporation of IHC markers into evidence-based diagnostic approaches to improve early detection and patient prognosis in OSCC.
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