Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40820661›Full record

ArticleJournal of the International Neuropsychological Society : JINS2025

Screening for a "trifecta" of executive function patterns in a large cohort of individuals with Parkinson's disease.

Rachel N Schade, Katie Rodriguez, Lauren E Kenney, Adrianna M Ratajska, Kelly D Foote, Justin D Hilliard, Michael S Okun, Dawn Bowers

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : JINS, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Rachel N SchadeDepartment of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2887-4450
Katie RodriguezDepartment of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1664-3089
Lauren E KenneyDepartment of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3633-6791
Adrianna M RatajskaDepartment of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
Kelly D FooteDepartment of Neurosurgery, Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida Health, Gainesville, FL, USA.
Justin D HilliardDepartment of Neurosurgery, Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida Health, Gainesville, FL, USA.
Michael S OkunDepartment of Neurology, Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida Health, Gainesville, FL, USA.
Dawn BowersDepartment of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.

Funding

Interdisciplinary Training in Movement Disorders and NeurorestorationT32NS082168 · NINDS · UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA · PI Melissa Jo Armstrong, David E Vaillancourt · 2015 to 2026
$2.8M
Clinical and Translational Predoctoral training in Alzheimers Disease and Related DementiasT32AG061892 · NIA · UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA · PI PARAMITA CHAKRABARTY, JADA M LEWIS · 2018 to 2026
$1.8M
NIA NIH HHS T32 AG061892NINDS NIH HHS T32 NS082168
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectiveThis study examined three neurocognitive patterns or "clinical pearls" historically viewed as evidence for executive dysfunction in Parkinson disease (PD): 1) letter < category fluency; 2) word list < story delayed recall; 3) word list delayed recall < recognition. The association between intraindividual magnitudes of each neuropsychological pattern and individual performance on traditional executive function tests was examined.

methodsA clinical sample of 772 individuals with PD underwent neuropsychological testing including tests of verbal fluency, word list/story recall, recognition memory, and executive function. Raw scores were demographically normed (Heaton) and converted to z-scores for group-level analyses.

resultsLetter fluency performance was worse than category fluency (

conclusionAmong the three pearls, the most pronounced was stronger memory performance on story recall than word lists, observed in more than half the sample. Only ¼ the participants exhibited all three neurocognitive patterns simultaneously. The variability in patterns across individuals highlights the heterogeneity of cognitive impairment in PD and suggests that intra-individual comparisons may offer a more nuanced insight into cognitive functioning.

Indexed as

cognitionexecutive functionmemoryneuropsychological testsNeuropsychologyParkinson’s disease

Identifiers

PMID40820661
PMCPMC12752473

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.