Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40820596›Full record

ArticleHuman vaccines & immunotherapeutics2025

Age- and time-dependent waning vaccine effectiveness of PPV23 against community-acquired pneumonia among adults aged 60 and older: A cohort study.

Biying Wang, Chen Qian, Yanan Wu, Liping Yi, Hongjie Yu, Xiaohua Liu, Yonggen Jiang, Tao Zhang, Genming Zhao

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Biying WangShanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
Chen QianDepartment of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
Yanan WuDepartment of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
Liping YiDepartment of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
Hongjie YuDepartment of Communicable Disease Control, Shanghai Jiading District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China.
Xiaohua LiuDepartment of Communicable Disease Control, Shanghai Minhang District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China.
Yonggen JiangDepartment of Communicable Disease Control, Shanghai Songjiang District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China.
Tao ZhangShanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
Genming ZhaoDepartment of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV23) is recommended for adults to prevent pneumococcal diseases, while its effectiveness over time remains unclear. This study aimed to assess the age- and time-dependent effectiveness of PPV23 in reducing community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) incidence among adults aged 60 and older in China. We conducted a prospective cohort study in Shanghai, China, identifying CAP cases via inpatient and outpatient medical records. Vaccine effectiveness (VE) was estimated using Cox regression models with time-dependent vaccination status, adjusted for demographic characteristics, comorbidities, and seasonal influenza activity. Subgroup analyses stratified by age group, comorbidity status, and observation period were performed. A total of 35,491 participants were included, yielding observation of 158,448 person-years. Overall incidence of CAP was 30.69 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 29.83, 31.57) per 1000 person-years. PPV23 seemed to be ineffective when encompassing all cohort participants in the initial analyses. However, subgroup analyses showed significant adjusted VE for those vaccinated before age 60 (VE = 32.83%, 95% CI: 16.40, 46.03). Significant protection was observed within the first-year post-vaccination (VE = 43.63%, 95% CI: 25.30, 57.47) but declined over time. Furthermore, age-time stratification indicated valid protection for those vaccinated before age 65 within the first year. In addition, VE was higher in those without comorbidities. PPV23 demonstrated modest effectiveness against CAP among those vaccinated before the age of 65 within the first year and decline over time. These findings advocate for prioritizing PPV23 vaccination before age 65 to maximize short-term protection against CAP, underscoring the need for effective booster strategies.

Indexed as

Community-Acquired InfectionsPneumococcal VaccinesPneumonia, PneumococcalVaccine EfficacyAgedAged, 80 and overAge FactorsChinaCohort StudiesCommunity-Acquired PneumoniaFemaleHumansIncidenceMaleMiddle AgedProspective Studies23-valent pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide vaccinePneumococcal VaccinesElderlyPneumococcal vaccinationPneumoniaVaccine effectivenessWaning

Identifiers

PMID40820596
PMCPMC12363507

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.