SynthesisAdvances in therapy2025
Economic Burden of Self-Reported Tobacco Smoking Compared with Non-Smoking: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Direct Health Care Costs.
Synthesis in Advances in therapy, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
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Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundTobacco smoking remains a global public health challenge, contributing to preventable mortality and morbidity and imposing substantial burdens on health care costs. We investigated whether direct health care costs differ substantially between self-reported tobacco smokers and non-smokers.
methodsThis systematic literature review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. Medline PubMed, Embase, PubMed Central, and Scopus were searched to identify studies of direct health care costs between smokers and non-smokers for participants aged ≥18 years. All observational, prospective, retrospective, and non-randomized comparative studies were considered. Data extraction included mean annual health care costs (± SD) for both groups. Mean differences (MD) in annual health care costs between smokers and non-smokers, expressed in 2025 US dollars, were compared and adjusted for a 12-month period and inflated to 2025 using consumer price indices.
resultsOf 873 studies identified, 11 were included in quantitative synthesis, which compared 19,759,529 smokers with 206,913,108 non-smokers for direct health care costs. Mean age ranged from 34.5-60.6 years for smokers and 34.3-65.1 years for non-smokers. Mean annual health care costs ranged from $65,640-$1297.1 for smokers and $54,564-$724.4 for non-smokers. Annual incremental direct health care costs for smokers versus non-smokers ranged from -$458 (95% CI [confidence interval]: -2011.0 to 1,095.0) to $11,076 (95% CI: 10,211.9 to 11,940.1) in 2025 US dollars. Meta-analysis revealed smoking generally incurred greater health care costs than non-smoking, with a mean annual incremental cost of $1916.5 (95% CI: -439.9 to 4,272.9). The result was not statistically significant (MD = 1,916.5; p = 0.111). Substantial heterogeneity was observed (I
conclusionThis meta-analysis supports the assertion that smoking substantially increases direct health care costs compared with non-smoking, particularly for the general population.
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