Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40820051›Full record

ArticleVirchows Archiv : an international journal of pathology2026

The absence of FOXA2 and HNF1β expression in vasculogenic mesenchymal lesions of germ cell origin suggests an evolutionary pathway similar to that of sarcomatoid yolk sac tumor.

Costantino Ricci, Luisa Di Sciascio, Francesca Ambrosi, Marco Grillini, Veronica Mollica, Francesco Massari, Michelangelo Fiorentino, Antonio De Leo, Muhammad T Idrees, Thomas M Ulbright and 1 more

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In one paragraph

Article in Virchows Archiv : an international journal of pathology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Costantino RicciDIAP-Dipartimento Interaziendale Di Anatomia Patologica Di Bologna, Pathology Unit, Maggiore Hospital-AUSL Bologna, Via Dell'Ospedale 8, 40133, Bologna, Italy. costantino.ricci4@unibo.it.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7254-4195
Luisa Di SciascioDepartment of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1809-3826
Francesca AmbrosiDIAP-Dipartimento Interaziendale Di Anatomia Patologica Di Bologna, Pathology Unit, Maggiore Hospital-AUSL Bologna, Via Dell'Ospedale 8, 40133, Bologna, Italy.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9046-1115
Marco GrilliniPathology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
Veronica MollicaMedical Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5169-3631
Francesco MassariDepartment of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6476-6871
Michelangelo FiorentinoDIAP-Dipartimento Interaziendale Di Anatomia Patologica Di Bologna, Pathology Unit, Maggiore Hospital-AUSL Bologna, Via Dell'Ospedale 8, 40133, Bologna, Italy.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1749-150X
Antonio De LeoDepartment of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3761-5135
Muhammad T IdreesDepartment of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6611-6389
Thomas M UlbrightDepartment of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
Andres Martin AcostaDepartment of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0164-5911

Funding

Bando Ricerca Medica e Alta Tecnologia 2023 from Fondazione Cassa di Risparmio in Bologna-CARISBO 55012816 PO 902
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Vasculogenic mesenchymal lesions (VMLs) are uncommon phenotypes of germ cell tumor (GCT) origin that are mostly found after chemotherapy of mediastinal yolk sac tumor (YST). These lesions typically lack expression of classical YST markers [α-fetoprotein (AFP) and glypican-3 (GPC3)]. FOXA2 and HNF1β are key inducers of the YST phenotype and co-operate to promote transcription of genes involved in YST development (AFP, GPC3, GATA3, among others). Immunohistochemical studies have shown that FOXA2 and HNF1β are more sensitive than AFP, GPC3, and GATA3 for conventional phenotypes of YST, whereas they are typically negative in sarcomatoid YST. In this study, assessment of VMLs showed that they do not express FOXA2 and HNF1β to a significant degree. These results suggest that the combined downregulation of FOXA2 and HNF1β may underlie the transformation of YST to "mesenchymal" phenotypes, with additional (still undefined) processes determining the final phenotype (sarcomatoid YST or VMLs).

Indexed as

Biomarkers, TumorEndodermal Sinus TumorHepatocyte Nuclear Factor 1-betaHepatocyte Nuclear Factor 3-betaMediastinal NeoplasmsNeoplasms, Germ Cell and EmbryonalHumansImmunohistochemistryPhenotypeBiomarkers, TumorFOXA2 protein, humanHepatocyte Nuclear Factor 1-betaHepatocyte Nuclear Factor 3-betaHNF1B protein, humanAngiosarcomaFOXA2HNF1βVasculogenic mesenchymal lesionsVasculogenic mesenchymal tumorYolk sac tumor

Identifiers

PMID40820051

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.