ArticleCell reports. Medicine2025
Chlorotoxin-directed CAR T cell therapy for recurrent glioblastoma: Interim clinical experience demonstrating feasibility and safety.
Article in Cell reports. Medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04214392 (A Phase 1 Study to Evaluate Chimeric Antigen Receptor), which is not on this map. Cited by 18 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
A Phase 1 Study to Evaluate Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T Cells With a Chlorotoxin Tumor-Targeting Domain for Patients With MMP2+ Recurrent or Progressive Glioblastoma
Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Efficacy of CAR-T-Cell-Based Immunotherapies in Patients With Glioma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Journal of cellular and molecular medicine · 2026Pooled it
- The safety and efficacy of chimeric antigen receptor-T cell therapy in solid malignancies: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Pooled it
- Recent Locoregional CAR T-Cell Trials for the Treatment of Recurrent Glioblastoma: Implications for Neuro-Oncology Practice.CNS drugs · 2026Review
- Scorpion venom peptides: Novel therapeutic approaches for inflammatory and hepatic disorders.iLIVER · 2026Review
- Brain barriers at the crossroads of glioma immune surveillance and immunotherapy response.Nature reviews. Cancer · 2026Review
- Review
- Highlights in IO: next-generation CAR-T therapy for glioblastoma.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2026Review
- Astrocytes in neuroinflammation and brain cancer.Molecular biomedicine · 2026Review
- Cell therapy for brain tumors: The first 60 years.Cell reports. Medicine · 2026Review
- Role of matrix metalloproteinases in the invasion of glioblastoma and drug interventions (Review).International journal of molecular medicine · 2026Review
- Current Status and Evolution of Immunotherapy in Glioma Management.International journal of medical sciences · 2026Review
- CAR T-cells for the treatment of CNS malignancies.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Mechanical Microenvironment in Tumor Immune Evasion: Bidirectional Regulation Between Matrix Stiffness and Immune Cells and Its Therapeutic Implications.International journal of biological sciences · 2026Review
- CAR T cell therapy for fighting IPF: perspectives on a living drug.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Neuroscience in glioma biology (Review).Oncology reports · 2025Review
- Recurrent Limitations of CAR-T Therapy in Gliomas: Evidence from Preclinical and Phase I Clinical Studies.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Scorpion Venom as a Source of Cancer Drugs: A Comprehensive Proteomic Analysis and Therapeutic Potential.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Application Value and Research Frontiers of Immunotherapy in Glioblastoma: A Bibliometric and Visualized Analysis.Oncology research · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
20 authors.
Funding
Abstract
A challenge in treating glioblastoma (GBM) is its phenotypic heterogeneity between patients and within tumors. Chlorotoxin (CLTX), a peptide from scorpion venom, broadly binds glioma cells through a mechanism involving surface matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2). We previously developed chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells incorporating CLTX as the GBM recognition domain. Here, we report interim clinical experience of a phase 1 trial evaluating intracavity/intratumoral (ICT) delivery of CLTX-CAR T cells in four patients with MMP-2-expressing recurrent GBM (NCT04214392), with the primary objectives of feasibility and safety. The therapy is well tolerated with no dose-limiting toxicities. Three of the four participants (75%) exhibit a best response of stable disease. CLTX-CAR T cells are detected in the tumor cavity fluid and at lower levels in the blood. Human anti-CAR antibody assays do not detect humoral immunogenicity against the CLTX-CAR. These observations support further clinical evaluation of CLTX-CAR therapy.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.