Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40817415›Full record

ArticleJournal of cancer education : the official journal of the American Association for Cancer Education2026

Leveraging Pharmacy Education through a Train-the-Trainer Model to Enhance Breast Cancer Literacy in Rural Communities.

Christopher L Farrell, Melanie R Ginzburg, Morgan B Enlow, Missouri M Jenkins, Alexus N Hames, Cayla R Adams, Marlana A Roberts, Hillary E Stamps, Natalie A Paxton, Courtney N Addison and 1 more

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of cancer education : the official journal of the American Association for Cancer Education, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Christopher L FarrellHealthcare Genetics and Genomics Program, School of Nursing, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA. clf@clemson.edu.
Melanie R GinzburgDepartment of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, Presbyterian College School of Pharmacy, Clinton, SC, 29325, USA.
Morgan B EnlowDepartment of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, Presbyterian College School of Pharmacy, Clinton, SC, 29325, USA.
Missouri M JenkinsDepartment of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, Presbyterian College School of Pharmacy, Clinton, SC, 29325, USA.
Alexus N HamesDepartment of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, Presbyterian College School of Pharmacy, Clinton, SC, 29325, USA.
Cayla R AdamsDepartment of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, Presbyterian College School of Pharmacy, Clinton, SC, 29325, USA.
Marlana A RobertsDepartment of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, Presbyterian College School of Pharmacy, Clinton, SC, 29325, USA.
Hillary E StampsDepartment of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, Presbyterian College School of Pharmacy, Clinton, SC, 29325, USA.
Natalie A PaxtonDepartment of Biology, Presbyterian College, Clinton, SC, 29325, USA.
Courtney N AddisonOccupational Therapy Doctorate Program, Presbyterian College, Clinton, SC, 29325, USA.
Austin Y ShullDepartment of Biology, Presbyterian College, Clinton, SC, 29325, USA. ayshull@presby.edu.ORCID 0000-0001-5111-2908

Funding

South Carolina IDeA Networks of Biomedical Research (SC INBRE V)P20GM103499 · NIGMS · UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA AT COLUMBIA · PI EDIE C GOLDSMITH · 2012 to 2026
$61.0M
NIGMS NIH HHS P20 GM103499NIGMS NIH HHS P20GM103499
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Rural versus urban communities experience disproportionate challenges in breast cancer outcomes, with higher breast cancer mortality and later stage disease presentation, despite similar diagnosis rates. These disparities are driven by structural barriers, including rural hospital closures, transportation difficulties, and limited access to oncology specialists. This study evaluated a train-the-trainer program designed to equip PharmD students located at a pharmacy school in a rural county in South Carolina with breast cancer education training, leveraging the pharmacists' position as accessible healthcare professionals in rural communities. Training focused on breast cancer risk factors, prevention, screening, genetics, staging, and treatment options. Effectiveness was measured through pre- and post-workshop confidence surveys and knowledge assessments. Results showed significant improvement in student confidence across educational domains, with average scores increasing from 6.30 to 8.59 (p < 0.0001). Understanding of screening guidelines (mean difference: 4.30; p-value: < .0001) and target therapy options showed the greatest improvement (mean difference: 3.65; p-value: < .0001), while knowledge of BRCA gene inheritance showed the smallest change (mean difference: 0.369; p-value: ns), suggesting some pre-existing awareness but limited understanding of its clinical applications. Overall, this pilot program demonstrates how pharmacy education can address healthcare disparities in rural communities. By preparing pharmacists to deliver accurate breast cancer education and to increase rural patient agency, this model creates a sustainable approach to improving health literacy in medically underserved areas. Future research could further expand this model to include diverse healthcare professionals and incorporate long-term impact assessments in community settings.

Indexed as

Breast NeoplasmsEducation, PharmacyHealth Knowledge, Attitudes, PracticeHealth LiteracyRural PopulationStudents, PharmacyAdultFemaleHumansSouth CarolinaDisparitiesPharmacy educationRuralTrain-the-trainer

Identifiers

PMID40817415
PMCPMC13487858

What OpenQuestion holds

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Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.