Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40815663›Full record

ArticleScience advances2025

Formation of hydrogen trioxide (HOOOH) in extraterrestrial ice analogs and its role as an oxidizer in prebiotic chemistry.

Xilin Bai, Chunxiao Li, Yuheng Luo, Qi'ang Gong, Jinghui Lu, Jiuzhong Yang, Yang Pan, Zhenrong Sun, André K Eckhardt, Rui Sun and 2 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Science advances, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Interstellar Ice Chemistry Yields Elusive Sulfinothioic Acid (HS(O)SH).Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English) · 2026
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors.

Xilin BaiState Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China.ORCID 0009-0008-2254-6772
Chunxiao LiState Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China.ORCID 0009-0002-9747-6488
Yuheng LuoDepartment of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-3124-1179
Qi'ang GongState Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China.
Jinghui LuNational Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, P. R. China.
Jiuzhong YangNational Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, P. R. China.ORCID 0000-0002-7076-3412
Yang PanNational Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, P. R. China.
Zhenrong SunState Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China.
André K EckhardtLehrstuhl für Organische Chemie II, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum 44801, Germany.ORCID 0000-0003-1029-9272
Rui SunDepartment of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-0638-1353
Ralf I KaiserDepartment of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-7233-7206
Tao YangState Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China.ORCID 0000-0003-4101-2385

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The formation and characterization of hydrogen trioxide have fascinated scientists for more than a century, due to its role as a prototype model for oxygen-chain bonding and as a key transient in antibody-catalyzed oxidation reactions relevant to the origin of life. However, the abiotic formation pathways to hydrogen trioxide have remained elusive. Here, we demonstrate in laboratory simulation experiments that hydrogen trioxide effectively forms in water-molecular oxygen ice analogs at temperatures as low as 5 kelvin under exposure to proxies of galactic cosmic rays. Exploiting synchrotron vacuum ultraviolet photoionization reflectron time-of-flight mass spectrometry, hydrogen trioxide along with hydrogen peroxide and the hydroperoxyl radical was identified during the temperature-programmed desorption of the irradiated ices. This abiotic synthesis expands the oxidant inventory on interstellar grains, icy moons, and Kuiper belt objects, offering a plausible source of essential oxidizers for prebiotic chemistry in space.

Identifiers

PMID40815663
PMCPMC12356252

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