Visual contrast from background features and dynamic illumination contributes to three-dimensional camouflage in cuttlefish.

Many animals adopt camouflage strategies that involve matching their appearance to colour and texture-based features in their environment. However, these features may be difficult to estimate in habitats that are prone to dynamic lighting, which might alter the features' appearance, or disrupt the capacity of visual systems to resolve those features. In this study, we tested whether a common form of shallow underwater dynamic lighting termed 'caustics', consisting of moving light bands travelling along the substrate, affect the expression of skin papillae in cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis). To do so, we exposed cuttlefish individuals to rock stimuli varying in their surface texture and colouration in both caustic and non-caustic lighting and scored their papillae expression. We established a positive correlation between the degree of papillae expression and the maximum contrast cues in the visual scene, such as those derived from object surface texture or colouration, with stronger contrast cues resulting in a more pronounced papillae expression. In addition, we found that cuttlefish also expressed their papillae when exposed to caustics, and this response was adopted irrespective of the presence or absence of an object in their visual field, highlighting that increased visual contrast levels deriving from exposure to dynamic lighting alone can elicit papillae expression in cuttlefish. We discuss whether these camouflage responses might be adaptive, reducing their likelihood of being detected by predators, or alternatively could represent a constraint on visual processing.