ArticleJournal of family medicine and primary care2025
COVID-19 vaccination-infection status and immunological profile from India: A case study for prioritizing at risk population for targeted immunization.
Article in Journal of family medicine and primary care, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic's global impact was mitigated through rapid vaccine development, leading to a mix of natural and vaccination-derived immunity. The immunological profile in hybrid immunity remains less studied, especially in regions where non-mRNA vaccines were used. This study focuses on the immunological profiles and predictors of immune response in one such population. Methods: This cohort study assessed their humoral and cellular immune responses, breakthrough Omicron infections, and hospitalization rates based on vaccination and infection history. Immunological assays to measure anti-spike protein and neutralizing antibodies and interferon-γ release assay were performed. Regression models were used to estimate predictors of immune response and hospitalization in patients with breakthrough infections. Results: The study revealed significant differences in immune response among participants based on their hybrid immunity status, vaccination, and infection history. Higher antibody titers and cellular responses were observed in individuals with hybrid immunity, especially those with dual pre-Omicron and Omicron infections (3326 BAU/ml, IQR: 770.25-5678.25 and 4.92 IU of IFN-γ/mL, respectively, Conclusion: Hybrid immunity is linked to a stronger humoral and cellular immune response, and elevated antibody titers can serve as a surrogate marker for protection against hospitalization. These findings highlight the need to prioritize high-risk groups, such as older adults and individuals with comorbidities, for booster vaccinations to strengthen community-level defenses against COVID-19.
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