ArticleJournal of family medicine and primary care2025
COVID-19-associated changes in nasal mucosa: Insights from inflammatory and epithelial cell profiling.
Article in Journal of family medicine and primary care, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background: Coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19), caused by Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), primarily affects nasal cavities by binding its spike proteins to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors. This study aimed to assess inflammatory and epithelial cell counts and determine their ratios in exfoliated nasal mucosal cells of COVID-19 suspected patients. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was conducted at All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Mangalagiri, from August to October 2022, involving 75 COVID-19 suspected patients. Nasal smears were collected, stained with Papanicolaou test (PAP), and analyzed for inflammatory and epithelial cell counts. Participants were grouped as COVID-19 positive and negative based on Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) results. Genotoxicity factors were evaluated using mean and standard deviation values. Results: In COVID-19 positive individuals, mean cell counts for neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes, mast cells, macrophages, and epithelial cells were 42.08, 6.68, 4.48, 0.84, 0.12, and 45.80, respectively. In COVID-19 negative patients, the corresponding values were 38.08, 13.76, 11.12, 2.66, 0.22, and 34.16. The inflammatory ratios for neutrophils to eosinophils and neutrophils to lymphocytes in COVID-19 positive individuals were 7.30 and 14.06, respectively. SARS-CoV-2 infection resulted in elevated neutrophil and epithelial cell counts and decreased eosinophil, lymphocyte, mast cell, and macrophage count. Conclusions: SARS-CoV-2 exhibits unique immunological alterations in nasal mucosa. The inflammatory ratios of neutrophils-to-eosinophils and neutrophils-to-lymphocytes may serve as reliable diagnostic markers for COVID-19.
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