ArticleJournal of clinical pathology2026
PD-L1 expression in schistosomal granuloma: an immunohistochemical study in urinary bladder schistosomiasis.
Article in Journal of clinical pathology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
aimsSchistosomiasis remains endemic in various parts of the world, and insights into pathogen immunobiology are mainly based on experimental models, while studies on human tissues are limited.
methodsWe explored the role of immune checkpoint pathway by evaluating the immunohistochemical expression of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) in a retrospective cohort of patients with bilharzial cystitis. Inflammation severity by conventional histology and staining intensity by immunohistochemistry were assigned three-tier scores (0/1+/2+), and a cut-off for staining percentage was set at 5%.
results38 biopsies from 31 patients were considered adequate for evaluation, and positive staining was detected in 80.6% of patients (34 biopsies). High expressors (22.6%) showed strong positive membranous staining (score 2+) with high staining density (more than 5% of inflammatory cells). Low expressors (58.1%) showed mild/moderate staining (score 1+) predominantly in less than 5% of the cells (91.6%) or expressed restricted cytoplasmic staining (6/31). All high expressors showed severe inflammation (score 2+) (p<0.001), and viable ova were only observed in these cases. Calcified ova were associated with mild/moderate inflammation or absent/minimal inflammation, correlating with low expressors or non-expressors (19.4%), respectively.
conclusionSchistosomal granuloma exhibits upregulated PD-L1 expression proportional to inflammation severity and pathogen viability, highlighting a critical immune checkpoint engagement in disease pathology.
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