Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40812020›Full record

ArticleVaccine2025

From first infection to reinfection: Comparing Nucleocapsid antibody kinetics in vaccinated and unvaccinated adults.

Kathleen M Lindsey, Zachary Farrell, Rebecca Tutino, Theresa Kowalski-Dobson, Zijin Chu, Carmen Gherasim, Shuwei Cai, Gabriel Simjanovski, David Manthei, Emily Stoneman and 3 more

Abstract readComparative Study
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Vaccine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

13 authors.

Kathleen M LindseyDepartment of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States.
Zachary FarrellDepartment of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States.
Rebecca TutinoDepartment of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States.
Theresa Kowalski-DobsonDepartment of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States.
Zijin ChuDepartment of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States.
Carmen GherasimDepartment of Pathology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
Shuwei CaiDepartment of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States.
Gabriel SimjanovskiDepartment of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States.
David MantheiDepartment of Pathology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
Emily StonemanDivision of Infectious Diseases, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
Florian KrammerDepartment of Microbiology and Center for Vaccine Research, Pandemic Preparedness (C-VaRPP), Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States, and Ignaz Semmelweis Institute, Interuniversity Institute for Infection Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
Riccardo ValdezDepartment of Pathology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
Aubree GordonDepartment of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States. Electronic address: gordonal@umich.edu.

Funding

COLLABORATIVE INFLUENZA VACCINE INNOVATION CENTER: UNIVERSAL INFLUENZA VACCINE RESEARCH75N93019C00051 · NIAID · ICAHN SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AT MOUNT SINAI · PI KRAMMER, FLORIAN · 2019 to 2025
$105.4M
NIH HHS 75N93019C00051
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectivesDetermining infection histories of individuals with prior immunity is critical to studying SARS-CoV-2 imprinting and vaccine responses. To better understand the response to infection, we examine nucleocapsid protein antibody dynamics around first and second SARS-CoV-2 infections in vaccinated and unvaccinated adults.

methodsThe presence and levels of nucleocapsid-antibodies were measured around first and second SARS-CoV-2 infections. Antibody waning was measured with accelerated failure time models.

resultsAfter first-infections 95.8 % (88.5-98.6 %) of unvaccinated and 89.4 % (86.5-91.7 %) of vaccinated participants seroconverted. Vaccinated adults had 45.5 % shorter seropositivity (event time ratio = 0.55, 95 %CI: 0.45-0.66). After second-infections, 89.1 % (76.9-95.3 %) of vaccinated and 94.4 % (74.2-99.0 %) of unvaccinated participants had a 4-fold rise in antibody levels. Regardless of vaccination, antibody levels after second-infections are significantly higher than after first-infections.

conclusionsThese findings suggest nucleocapsid serology can inform researchers about past infections regardless of exposure status, and potentially differentiate between initial infections and reinfections.

Indexed as

Antibodies, ViralCoronavirus Nucleocapsid ProteinsCOVID-19COVID-19 VaccinesNucleocapsidReinfectionSARS-CoV-2AdultAgedFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedVaccinationYoung AdultAntibodies, ViralCoronavirus Nucleocapsid ProteinsCOVID-19 VaccinesEpidemiologyNucleocapsidSARS-Cov-2SerologyVaccination

Identifiers

PMID40812020
PMCPMC13238270

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.