ArticlePloS one2025
Chronic kidney disease among HIV-positive Zambian adults with tenofovir-associated nephrotoxicity at University Teaching Hospital (UTH) in Lusaka.
Article in PloS one, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Preclinical Toxicological evaluation of the HIV entry inhibitor peptide 2P23 as a candidate rectovaginal microbicide.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Prevalence and incidence of non-communicable diseases among older adults living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy in Northern Haiti: A retrospective cohort study.PLOS global public health · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) is a nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) widely used in first-line antiretroviral therapy (ART). Despite its efficacy, TDF has been associated with nephrotoxicity, particularly in patients with renal impairment. It is with this background that most countries including Zambia are replacing TDF-based regimens with Tenofovir Alafenamide (TAF). This study aimed to determine the association between TDF-induced nephrotoxicity at three months and chronic kidney disease (CKD) within five years among people living with HIV (PLWH) in Zambia. A retrospective cohort study of 182 PLWH was conducted at the Adult Center for Infectious Disease Research (AIDC) in Lusaka, Zambia. The incidence of CKD and factors associated with its development in PLWH who initiated TDF were evaluated. Kidney function trends were monitored over five years. Statistical analysis, including the Mixed-Effect model, and the Cox Proportional Hazards Regression model, were conducted to assess the relationship between early nephrotoxicity and long-term CKD. A total of 63 (34.62%) out of 182 files showed that the patients developed CKD, contributing to a total person-time of 910 person-years. The incidence rate of CKD was 69.2 cases per 1000 person-years. The findings indicated a significant association between TDF-associated nephrotoxicity and the development of CKD within five years. The mixed-effects model accounted for population-level trends and individual variability, ensuring robust results. Findings showed that removing outliers made the model more representative, with a significant decline in kidney function over time. The Cox regression model identified male sex and baseline creatinine as substantial risk factors for CKD, with good model fit and discriminatory power. Given the findings, it is recommended that regular monitoring and early intervention strategies be reinforced for patients. Furthermore, continuous evaluation of kidney function over time is crucial to effectively manage and mitigate the risks associated with CKD in PLWH.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.