ArticleClinical oral investigations2025
In vitro effect of fluoride-free mouthwashes on Streptococcus mutans biofilm.
Article in Clinical oral investigations, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Evaluation of the antimicrobial potential of fluoride-free mouthwashes against Scardovia wiggsiae.European archives of paediatric dentistry : official journal of the European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveTo evaluate the efficacy of commercially available, fluoride-free mouthwashes sold in Indianapolis, IN, on Streptococcus mutans biofilm. MATERIALS AND
methodsEighty-one different mouthwashes were purchased. A 16-h culture of S. mutans UA159 was treated with the mouthwashes in three dilutions (1:3, 1:6, and 1:12), prepared in Tryptic Soy broth supplemented with 1% sucrose. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC), planktonic, and biofilm growth were evaluated using a spectrophotometer. In addition, the growth for minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was evaluated using five μL of the dilution and incubated on blood agar. For the analysis of the results, the mouthwashes were separated into six groups according to their active ingredients (cetylpyridinium chloride/CPC, n = 25; essential oils/EO n = 10; whitening/W (hydrogen peroxide/ sodium hexametaphosphate), n = 12; Natural-Derived Actives / NDA, n = 15; zinc chloride/ZC, n = 3; others/O, n = 16). ANOVA followed by the Tukey test was performed (p < 0.05).
resultsRegarding MIC, planktonic, and biofilm growth of S. mutans, there was a significant decrease for the W and CPC groups (p < 0.001). The EO and W groups had more inhibition on S. mutans biofilm compared to the CPC group (p < 0.05). For ZC, NDA, and O groups, there were different effects within the same group, presenting a large variability. About MBC, W and CPC groups presented the higher inhibition (W > CPC > EO > NDA/ZC/O).
conclusionThe mouthwashes demonstrated significant effect on S. mutans biofilm, especially in the 1:3 dilution. W and CPC groups had a more significant effect on S. mutans biofilm. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: S. mutans is an important bacterium in dental caries and periodontal diseases. Our study showed that non-fluoridated mouthwashes affect the initial stages of biofilm formation.
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