ArticleAlzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association2025
The burden of cognitive impairment.
Article in Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Comparative efficacy and certainty of evidence of exercise interventions for cognitive outcomes in older adults with mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2026Pooled it
- Possible osteosarcopenia is associated with loss in intrinsic capacity and early cognitive deficits: a longitudinal study of older adults in Singapore.The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences · 2026Article
- Blunted diurnal cortisol slope as a risk marker for 9-year executive function decline: amplification by daily stress and worry severity.The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences · 2026Article
- The value of timely treatment with anti-amyloid therapy for Alzheimer's disease.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026Article
- Chronic choline restriction remodels hepatic lipid metabolism and drives insulin resistance through a CD36-ETNPPL regulatory axis.Molecular metabolism · 2026Article
- Major Adverse Cognitive Events (MACE-Cog): A New "MACE" Framework for Cognitive Outcomes in Cardiovascular Diseases and Stroke.Circulation · 2026Review
- Joint trajectories of sleep deviation risk and frailty and their associations with cognitive decline in middle-aged and older adults: a population-based cohort study.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Circulating Progenitor Cells, Regenerative Capacity and Cognition: Evidence From 2 Community-Based Cohorts.Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology · 2026Article
- Cognitive impairment risk in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a population-based cohort study.RMD open · 2026Article
- Neuroprotective Effect of the Combined Extract ofInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- The spleen-brain axis in Alzheimer's disease and related dementias: Integrating immune and metabolic regulation.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026Review
- Explainable deep learning for healthcare workforce attrition: a methodological study on the Watson healthcare synthetic benchmark.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Multidimensional Depressive Symptom Exposure and Incident Cognitive Decline: A Prospective Cohort Study.Depression and anxiety · 2026Article
- Heterogeneous cognitive and neuroimaging profiles in older adults with type 2 diabetes: the modifying effect of coronary artery disease.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2026Article
- Association of physical frailty, functional dependence, dysphagia, and depression with mild cognitive impairment in hospitalized older adults.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- The Determinant of Tau Spreading in Alzheimer's Disease: Dependent on Senile Plaque, Neural Circuits, or Spatial Proximity?International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- The burden of cognitive impairment.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025Article
- Influencing factors of initiation and maintenance of multidomain interventions in patients with mild cognitive impairment: a qualitative study.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Article
- Sertraline as a Multi-Target Modulator of AChE, COX-2, BACE-1, and GSK-3β: Computational and In Vivo Studies.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
introductionOver 10% of older American adults (age ≥ 65) experience cognitive impairment (CI) from Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD). An additional 15%-22% experience mild cognitive impairment (MCI), often preceding ADRD and in earlier life. However, CI burden estimates including MCI and early-onset CI (age < 65), remain limited.
methodsUsing microsimulation, we estimated CI burden (ADRD and/or MCI) over remaining life-years for Americans (aged 51/52) who developed CI overall, by disease progression, onset age, and sociodemographic subgroups. Burden equaled the difference in quality-adjusted life-years (QALY valued at $150K/year) and economic outcomes between a hypothetical intervention preventing CI and status quo.
resultsPer capita lifetime CI burden was $124K, driven by lost QALYs. Aggregate CI burden was $627B, 59% from ADRD, 41% from MCI. Early-onset CI carried the largest per capita burden ($376K), ∼50% from MCI. Individuals with less education, progression to ADRD, or from minoritized racial/ethnic subgroups also carried disproportionate burden. DISCUSSION: MCI constitutes 41% of CI burden, disproportionately impacting individuals with early-onset. HIGHLIGHTS: The lifetime burden of cognitive impairment (CI) was estimated at $124,000 per capita, totaling $627 billion in aggregate-with 59% attributed to Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD) and 41% to mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Early-onset CI (before age 65) carried the highest per capita burden at $376,000, with these individuals living with MCI for about 13 years-over 7 years longer than those with late-onset CI. Significant disparities exist in CI burden, with racial/ethnic minorities and those without a high school degree experiencing disproportionately higher burden. Despite representing just 36% of the CI population, non-White individuals accounted for 47% of the aggregate CI burden.
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