Fasting-mimicking diet enhances EGFR-TKI efficacy in oral cancer through dual mechanisms: direct cancer cell sensitization and tumor-associated macrophage crosstalk.

Background: Emerging evidence suggests the fasting-mimicking diet (FMD) offers a promising alternative to traditional calorie restriction and intermittent fasting, mitigating associated adverse effects including cachexia. Clinical trials have demonstrated the safety and efficacy of FMD, highlighting its considerable potential for translational applications. Future research should focus on assessing with molecularly targeted therapies to enhance therapeutic outcomes. The present study investigates the efficacy of FMD combined with EGFR-TKI therapy in oral cancer. Methods: M2-polarized macrophages derived from THP-1 cells were used to model TAMs. 2D and 3D oral cancer cell cultures (Cal-27 and OECM-1) were treated with gefitinib under standard or FMD-conditioned media. TAMs recruitment and interaction with tumor spheroids were assessed via co-culture and Transwell assays. Cal-27 xenograft mouse model was used to evaluate Results: FMD enhanced the anti-proliferative effect of gefitinib Conclusion: In this study, we confirmed that fasting-mimicking diets not only directly enhances the sensitivity of oral cancer cells to gefitinib but also indirectly improves efficacy by attenuating CCL2-mediated TAMs recruitment under the gefitinib treatment environment. This study may provide a drug combination strategy and theoretical basis for the treatment of oral cancer, as well as scientific evidence for the clinical application of fasting-mimicking diets.