ArticleMacromolecular rapid communications2025
Dual-Stimuli Responsive and Sustainable PLA/APHA/TPU Blend for 4D Printing.
Article in Macromolecular rapid communications, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Multi-target machine learning for predicting mechanical properties of FDM-printed polymer components.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Optimizing the drilling performance of Syagrus romanzoffiana fiber biocomposites: minimizing delamination with RSM and ANN modeling.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Dual-Stimuli Responsive and Sustainable PLA/APHA/TPU Blend for 4D Printing.Macromolecular rapid communications · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
4D printing of shape memory polymers (SMPs) offers transformative potential for patient-specific medical devices, yet current SMPs often face a trade-off between mechanical toughness and low-temperature activation. This study presents a novel PLA/APHA/TPU blend filament for 3D printing that overcomes this limitation by combining high strength and flexibility with low-temperature shape memory activation-features not previously achieved in PLA-based SMPs. The uniform dispersion of TPU and APHA in the PLA matrix creates a composite with enhanced tensile strength, modulus, and elongation, addressing the brittleness typical of neat PLA. The optimized 60/20/20 wt.% formulation enables rapid shape recovery at ∼39.5°C, significantly below PLA's glass transition, with near-complete shape fixity (∼100%) and high recovery ratios (>92%) under both thermal and mechanical stimuli. This dual-responsive behavior is driven by the synergistic roles of TPU (providing ductility) and APHA (enhancing flexibility and thermal sensitivity). The composite also retains excellent printability and biocompatibility, making it ideal for next-generation biomedical SMP applications such as 4D-printed orthopedic braces, soft robotic actuators, and adaptive implants. Using bio-based, biodegradable polymers, this work advances eco-friendly, high-performance SMPs for additive manufacturing, setting a new benchmark for PLA-based 4D-printable materials.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.