Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40808556›Full record

ArticleAnimal bioscience2026

Effect of active and heat-killed Clostridium butyricum on in vitro gas production, ruminal fermentation parameters, and microbiota at varying media pH levels.

Xinlong Zhang, Zhiyue Zhang, Hongxu Zhu, Guanghui Hu, Hangshu Xin, Jincheng Liu, Xu Lin, Xiaolai Xie, Peixin Jiao

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Animal bioscience, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Xinlong ZhangCollege of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.
Zhiyue ZhangCollege of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.
Hongxu ZhuCollege of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.
Guanghui HuCollege of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.
Hangshu XinCollege of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.
Jincheng LiuCollege of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.
Xu LinCollege of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.
Xiaolai XieCollege of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.
Peixin JiaoCollege of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.

Funding

CARS CARS-36Heilongjiang Provincial Collaborative Innovation and Extension System of Mutton SheepNatural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province YQ2021C018
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectiveThe objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of inactive (heat-killed) Clostridium butyricum (ICB) on gas production kinetics, fermentation parameters, and microbiota with varying media pH levels in batch culture.

methodsThe in vitro experiment was designed as a completely randomized factorial arrangement, with 2 media pH levels (5.8 and 6.5)×2 Clostridium butyricum (CB) products (active and inactive)×4 dosages of CB. Two lactating dairy cows with ruminal fistulas, fed a diet comprising 40% forage and 60% concentrate, served as donors for rumen inoculum. Following 24 h of incubation, the gas production, dry matter disappearance (DMD), volatile fatty acid (VFA), ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) and microbial profile were measured to determine the effect of treatment on fermentation.

resultsThe gas volume (GV), DMD, total VFA concentration, NH3-N concentration, acetate concentration and microbial alpha diversity were inhibited when the media pH decreased from 6.5 to 5.8. Increasing the supplemental doses of ICB linearly increased the GV, DMD (trend) and butyrate proportion at media pH 6.5. Moreover, the increasing supplemental dose of active Clostridium butyricum (ACB) linearly increased GV, butyrate proportion and NH3-N concentration (trend) regardless of media pH, and linearly increased DMD, total VFA concentration and A:P ratio at media pH 6.5. Supplementing ICB decreased the relative abundance of Actinobacteria and Butyrivibrio in the fermentation fluid.

conclusionIncreasing media pH promotes rumen fermentation and alter bacterial community. Although both ACB and ICB have the potential to stimulate rumen fermentation in a dose-dependent manner, their effects change depending on media pH levels. Furthermore, both ACB and ICB rarely altered the rumen bacterial community.

Indexed as

Bacterial CommunitiesClostridium butyricumGas ProductionMedia pH LevelRuminal Fermentation

Identifiers

PMID40808556
PMCPMC12754475

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.