Observational studyKorean journal of ophthalmology : KJO2025
Effectiveness of Pencil Push-up Exercises in Patients with Convergence Insufficiency-Type Exotropia with Receded Near Point of Convergence: A Retrospective Observational Study.
Observational study in Korean journal of ophthalmology : KJO, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- The Evolution of Vision Therapy Software and Its Impact on Vision Care - A Comprehensive Major Review.Romanian journal of ophthalmologyReview
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
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Abstract
purposeTo evaluate the long-term efficacy of home-based convergence exercises using pencil push-ups in adult patients with convergence insufficiency (CI)-type exotropia with receded near point of convergence (NPC).
methodsThis retrospective observational study included 30 adult patients diagnosed with CI-type exotropia, who were divided into two groups based on their adherence to pencil push-up exercises: pencil push-ups group (n = 20) and noncompliant control group (n = 10). Pencil push-ups were performed four times daily (15 repetitions per session) for 6 months. The outcomes were changes in the angle of exodeviation (distance and near), NPC, and stereopsis. Measurements were taken at baseline and after 6 months. Between-group comparisons were performed using parametric statistical tests.
resultsThe pencil push-ups group showed significant improvement in both distance (from 24.65 ± 5.46 to 14.40 ± 5.71 prism diopters, p < 0.001) and near exodeviation (from 35.25 ± 5.36 to 23.85 ± 6.68 prism diopters, p < 0.001). NPC improved significantly from 22.6 ± 5.2 to 8.6 ± 3.1 cm (p < 0.001). In contrast, the noncompliant group showed no significant changes in either parameter. No measurable improvement in stereopsis was observed in either group.
conclusionsConsistent home-based pencil push-up exercises significantly improved convergence and reduced exodeviation in adult patients with CI-type exotropia with receded NPC. Pencil push-ups may serve as an effective first-line or adjunctive therapy, particularly in motivated patients with moderate deviations.
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