Optimization of Dynamic SSVEP Paradigms for Practical Application: Low-Fatigue Design with Coordinated Trajectory and Speed Modulation and Gaming Validation.

Yan Huang, Lei Cao, Yongru Chen, Ting Wang

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Article in Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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5 · Who and what money

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4 authors.

Yan HuangSchool of Information Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China.ORCID 0009-0006-1254-850X

Lei CaoSchool of Information Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China.ORCID 0000-0002-8427-4548

Yongru ChenSchool of Information Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China.ORCID 0009-0006-6501-9249

Ting WangSchool of Information Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China.ORCID 0009-0007-7419-1451

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP) paradigms are widely used in brain-computer interface (BCI) systems due to their reliability and fast response. However, traditional static stimuli may reduce user comfort and engagement during prolonged use. This study proposes a dynamic stimulation paradigm combining periodic motion trajectories with speed control. Using four frequencies (6, 8.57, 10, 12 Hz) and three waveform patterns (sinusoidal, square, sawtooth), speed was modulated at 1/5, 1/10, and 1/20 of each frequency's base rate. An offline experiment with 17 subjects showed that the low-speed sinusoidal and sawtooth trajectories matched the static accuracy (85.84% and 83.82%) while reducing cognitive workload by 22%. An online experiment with 12 subjects participating in a fruit-slicing game confirmed its practicality, achieving recognition accuracies above 82% and a System Usability Scale score of 75.96. These results indicate that coordinated trajectory and speed modulation preserves SSVEP signal quality and enhances user experience, offering a promising approach for fatigue-resistant, user-friendly BCI application.

Indexed as

Brain-Computer InterfacesEvoked Potentials, VisualFatigueAdultElectroencephalographyFemaleHumansMaleVideo GamesYoung AdultBCIdynamic stimulation paradigmfruit-slicing gamespeed modulationSSVEPtrajectory modulation

Identifiers

PMID40807891

DOI10.3390/s25154727

PMCPMC12349208

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.