ArticleSensors (Basel, Switzerland)2025
Impedance Characterization and Modeling of Gold, Silver, and PEDOT:PSS Ultra-Thin Tattoo Electrodes for Wearable Bioelectronics.
Article in Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Experimental Validation of a Compact and Versatile Bioimpedance Measurement Platform Based on the SENSIPLUS Chip.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Design and validation of a modular smart headband with embroidered electrodes for comfortable EEG monitoring.PloS one · 2026Article
- Ultra-conformable tattoo electrodes for providing sensory feedback via transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Confounding Factors and Their Mitigation in Measurements of Bioelectrical Impedance at the Skin Interface.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
This study presents a comprehensive evaluation and an equivalent circuit modeling of the skin-electrode impedance characteristics of three types of ultra-thin tattoo electrodes, all based on Parylene C nanofilms but with different active materials: Gold, Silver, and PEDOT:PSS. Their performance was compared to standard disposable Ag/AgCl electrodes. Impedance measurements were carried out on six human subjects under controlled conditions, assessing the frequency response in the range of 20 Hz to 1 kHz. For each subject, the impedance was recorded six times over one hour to investigate the stability and the temporal performance. The collected data were subsequently analyzed to model the electrical properties and interface behavior of each electrode type. The findings demonstrate that the tattoo electrodes offer impedance levels comparable to those of Ag/AgCl electrodes (in the order of tens of kΩ at 20 Hz), while providing additional benefits such as enhanced conformability, improved skin adhesion, and reduced skin irritation during use. Furthermore, the modeling of the skin-electrode interface through a more detailed equivalent circuit than the single time constant model enables a more detailed interface analysis and description, with fitting algorithm R
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Registered trials
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