ReviewJournal of clinical medicine2025
Sex Differences in Colorectal Cancer: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Clinical Outcomes.
Review in Journal of clinical medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Sex-based heterogeneity in response to first-line immunotherapy plus chemotherapy in advanced esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma: a meta-analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Pooled it
- The predictive value of a body shape index as a novel obesity metric for cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Pooled it
- Circulating tumor DNA as a prognostic biomarker in metastatic colorectal cancer: Post-hoc analysis of treatment response and survival outcomes in the ALTER-C-002 study.Biomolecules & biomedicine · 2026Trial
- Article
- Targeting β-Adrenergic Signaling in Colorectal Cancer: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential of β-Blockers.Cancers · 2026Review
- HighTranslational cancer research · 2026Article
- Complete Heart Block and Massive Pericardial Effusion as the Presenting Manifestations of Metastatic Colorectal Adenocarcinoma.JACC. Case reports · 2026Article
- Sexually Dimorphic RNA Helicase DDX3Y, But Not DDX3X, Plays a Potential Tumor-Suppressive Role in Colorectal Carcinogenesis in Males.Biochemical genetics · 2026Article
- Iron Metabolism in the Colorectal Tumor Microenvironment: Current Evidence and Clinical Implications.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Race and Socioeconomic Status Impact Survival from Early and Late-Onset Colorectal Cancer.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Sex-related differences in pathological characteristics of colorectal cancer: a retrospective study.Discover oncology · 2026Article
- Exploring Risk Factors and Sex Differences in Colorectal Cancer: Insights from Current Evidence.Cells · 2026Review
- Design, Synthesis of Novel Quinazolinone Derivatives and Evaluation of EGFR Kinase Inhibition Activity via In Vitro and In Silico Studies.Chemical biology & drug design · 2026Article
- Distinct Gut Microbiome and Metabolome Profiles Associate with Differential Responses to Immunotherapy in Colorectal Cancer.Polish journal of microbiology · 2026Article
- Neuron-tumor interplay in colorectal cancer: from mechanisms of onset and progression to targeted therapies.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2026Review
- Cancer Patterns and Barriers to Care Among Socioeconomically Vulnerable Populations in Tripoli: A Descriptive Study from a Local NGO.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Review
- Article
- Prothrombotic Tendency in the Shadow of Cancer: Hypercoagulability, Impaired Clot Contraction and Fibrinolysis in Colorectal Cancer and Gastric Cancer Patients Undergoing Chemotherapy.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Advances in immunotherapy for colorectal cancer: overcoming resistance in mismatch repair-proficient tumors.Cancer cell international · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) constitutes a major global health concern, ranking as the third most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality. The current review explores sex-based differences in CRC epidemiology, risk factors, tumor biology, and clinical outcomes. Males exhibit a higher incidence and mortality rate, with left-sided (distal) CRC predominating, while females are more frequently diagnosed with right-sided (proximal) tumors, which tend to be more aggressive and less responsive to conventional chemotherapy. Genetic disparities, including microsatellite instability and X-chromosome tumor suppressor genes, contribute to sex-specific differences in tumor progression and treatment response. Immune variations also influence disease outcomes, with females exhibiting stronger immune surveillance but higher exhaustion markers. Lifestyle factors such as body mass index (BMI), smoking, and hormonal influences further modulate CRC risk. While males are more vulnerable to obesity-related CRC, central obesity (waist-to-hip ratio) emerges as a stronger predictor in females. Additionally, smoking increases CRC risk differentially by tumor location. These findings underscore the importance of sex-specific approaches in CRC prevention, screening, and treatment, advocating for personalized medicine strategies tailored to gender-based biological and clinical distinctions.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.