ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences2025
When Bone Forms Where It Shouldn't: Heterotopic Ossification in Muscle Injury and Disease.
Review in International journal of molecular sciences, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed.
- Bioadhesive-Integrated 3D-Printed Multilayer Scaffolds Secure a Mechanically-Stable Osteoimmune Niche for Enhanced Bone Augmentation.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Immunometabolic Modulation of the Bone Marrow Niche by Bioactive Materials to Rescue Impaired Fracture Healing.Stem cell reviews and reports · 2026Review
- Bone‑origin repair in diabetic foot ulcers: Mechanisms of callus formation and endocrine effects in healing (Review).International journal of molecular medicine · 2026Review
- Neurogenic heterotopic ossification: from molecular mechanisms to clinical treatment.Journal of orthopaedic translation · 2026Review
- Neuro-Immune Axis in Trauma-Induced Heterotopic Ossification: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications.Cells · 2026Review
- Highly bio-adapted hydrogels for tendon-bone interface regeneration: Natural healing inspiration, design strategies, and biomedical potential.Bioactive materials · 2026Review
- Atraumatic Myositis Ossificans of the Digastric Muscle: Case Report.Clinical case reports · 2025Article
- Multimodal Approaches for Pain Management and Improving Functional Outcomes Following Amputation.Journal of orthopaedics and sports medicine · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Heterotopic ossification (HO) refers to the pathological formation of bone in soft tissues, typically following trauma, surgical procedures, or as a result of genetic disorders. Notably, injuries to the central nervous system significantly increase the risk of HO, a condition referred to as neurogenic HO (NHO). This review outlines the cellular and molecular mechanisms driving HO, focusing on the inflammatory response, progenitor cell reprogramming, and current treatment strategies. HO is primarily fuelled by a prolonged and dysregulated inflammatory response, characterized by sustained expression of osteoinductive cytokines secreted by M1 macrophages. These cytokines promote the aberrant differentiation of fibro-adipogenic progenitor cells (FAPs) into osteoblasts, leading to ectopic mineralization. Additional factors such as hypoxia, BMP signalling, and mechanotransduction pathways further contribute to extracellular matrix (ECM) remodelling and osteogenic reprogramming of FAPs. In the context of NHO, neuroendocrine mediators enhance ectopic bone formation by influencing both local inflammation and progenitor cell fate decisions. Current treatment options such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), radiation therapy, and surgical excision offer limited efficacy and are associated with significant risks. Novel therapeutic strategies targeting inflammation, neuropeptide signalling, and calcium metabolism may offer more effective approaches to preventing or mitigating HO progression.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.