ArticleMaterials (Basel, Switzerland)2025
Optimized Mortar Formulations for 3D Printing: A Rheological Study of Cementitious Pastes Incorporating Potassium-Rich Biomass Fly Ash Wastes.
Article in Materials (Basel, Switzerland), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
The use of 3D printing holds significant promise to transform the construction industry by enabling automation and customization, although key challenges remain-particularly the control of fresh-state rheology. This study presents a novel formulation that combines potassium-rich biomass fly ash (BFAK) with an air-entraining plasticizer (APA) to optimize the rheological behavior, hydration kinetics, and structural performance of mortars tailored for extrusion-based 3D printing. The results demonstrate that BFAK enhances the yield stress and thixotropy increases, contributing to improved structural stability after extrusion. In parallel, the APA adjusts the viscosity and facilitates material flow through the nozzle. Isothermal calorimetry reveals that BFAK modifies the hydration kinetics, increasing the intensity and delaying the occurrence of the main hydration peak due to the formation of secondary sulfate phases such as Aphthitalite [(K
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