Observational studyBMC oral health2025
Sex and gender differences in periodontal disease: a cross-sectional study in Switzerland.
Observational study in BMC oral health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed.
- Periodontal Disease Burden in China and G20 Nations: Insights From the Global Burden of Disease 2023 Study.International dental journal · 2026Article
- Evaluation of pathological and volumetric changes in the maxillary sinus using CBCT in patients with periodontitis.BMC oral health · 2026Article
- Hypertension as a risk factor for periodontitis.Bioinformation · 2026Article
- Sex-Specific Associations with Periodontal Inflammation and Bone Loss: A Cross-Sectional Analysis.Dentistry journal · 2025Article
- Predictive modeling of stem cell suppression by inflammatory cytokine networks: A synthetic transcriptomic approach for periodontal tissue engineering.Journal of oral biology and craniofacial researchArticle
- Multivariate analysis of treatment choices, disease activity, comorbidities, and oral impairments in rheumatoid arthritis patients.Journal of Indian Society of PeriodontologyArticle
- Latent-space clustering and feature interpretation in GraphCROC-Encoded periodontal disease, focusing on anterior and posterior bone loss prediction.Journal of oral biology and craniofacial researchArticle
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
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Abstract
backgroundsThe role of sex- and gender-related traits has often been downplayed in clinical studies and periodontal disease is no exception. Sex and gender represent distinct biological and sociocultural factors that may independently influence periodontal disease. These factors can affect the risk and progression of periodontal disease as well as response to treatment. This clinical observational study was designed to evaluate gender distribution and the impact of sex and gender on health of gingival tissue using bleeding on probing and probing depth (Periodontal Screening Index "PSI").
methodsFour hundred thirty patients were included in this study. Clinical parameters were retrieved from standard examination and a questionnaire was used to assess gender. Sex was characterized as indicated in the birth certificate, a short version of a Swiss-Canadian gender questionnaire was used for the assessment of gender. In addition, patients were asked about self-attribution of gender and the gender Score (GS) was constructed for each subject.
results53.0% (228 patients) were females and 47.0% (202 patients) males. No statistically significant differences were observed regarding sex distribution between the categorization of PSI in two and three groups (p = 0.68 and p = 0.57 respectively). The mean gender score (GS) in the subjects with Gingivitis/Mild Periodontitis was 51.75 ± 41.77 while in the subjects with claimed Periodontitis was 51.74 ± 40.55 (One-way ANOVA F = 0.00 p = 0.98). There was no statistically significant association between GS and periodontitis.
conclusionsThis study is one of the first to examine both sex and gender using a validated score in relation to periodontal disease. The outcomes of the cross-sectional study demonstrate that gender is not an indicator for the presence of periodontal disease in Swiss population, emphasizing the need to consider sex and gender as separate factors in clinical studies. Clinical screening protocols may not need to be adjusted based on gender-related traits.
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