ArticleScientific reports2025
Microbial and nutrient enrichments in Brine and Nilas during the first 24 h of open water lead refreezing.
Article in Scientific reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Open water leads in the sea ice covering the Polar regions are becoming more frequent and cover larger areas as a result of the warming and thinning of the ice. Refreezing of the leads advances the occurrence of young and newly formed sea ice (nilas), which has a thickness of < 10 cm and is characterized by a highly saline surface brine. Due to the growth of fragile frost flowers exposed at its surface, nilas can become a significant source of bromine, mercury, sea salt aerosols, bioaerosols, and ice nucleating particles for the atmosphere. Here we report the results of a study where we investigated the initial formation phase of a 3-6 mm-thick nilas in cleared sea ice ponds. Samples for quantifications of macronutrients, microorganisms, Chlorophyll a (Chl a) and photobiology were collected from seawater, nilas, and brine 5 and 24 h, after the experiment commenced. The concentration changes between constituents were scaled relative to changes in salinity with the enrichment index (I). Nilas was enriched in microalgae and Chl a and the brine was highly enriched in bacteria, virus like particles (VLPs) and algae after only 5 h. We did not find a significant further enrichment between 5 and 24 h of nilas formation. This indicates that the initial formation phase of the nilas is an important step in distributing nutrients and microorganisms in nilas and brine. Only particulate matter was enriched in nilas and brine and none of the macronutrients. Photosynthetic microalgae were strongly impaired in the nilas and the brine, where no fluorescence signal could be detected supposedly due to a combination of excessive light at the surface and high brine salinity. The reasons for the observed differences in enrichments are evaluated and discussed including concentration of particulate matter, evaporation of surface brine, microbial growth and concentration of microorganisms in the sea surface microlayer (SML). Further studies are needed to decipher which of the proposed mechanisms were predominantly responsible for the observed enrichments as well as how these enrichments affect firstly the frost flowers and secondly the atmosphere.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.