Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40804265›Full record

ArticleNPJ vaccines2025

Pregnancy reduces COVID-19 vaccine immunity against novel variants.

Maclaine A Parish, Jaiprasath Sachithanandham, Lizeth Gutierrez, Han-Sol Park, Anna Yin, Katerina Roznik, Patrick Creisher, John S Lee, Laura A St Clair, Annie Werner and 11 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in NPJ vaccines, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Review
  3. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

21 authors.

Maclaine A ParishW. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Jaiprasath SachithanandhamW. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Lizeth GutierrezDivision of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Han-Sol ParkW. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Anna YinW. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Katerina RoznikDivision of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Patrick CreisherW. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
John S LeeW. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Laura A St ClairW. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Annie WernerW. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Catherine Pilgrim-GraysonDivision of Rare Diseases and Medical Genetics, Pediatrics, Urologic and Reproductive Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
Lea BerhaneDivision of Clinical Policy, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
Hana GoldingDivision of Viral Products, Center of Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
Patrick SheaW. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Katherine FenstermacherDepartment of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Richard RothmanDepartment of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Irina BurdDepartment of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Jeanne SheffieldDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Andrea L CoxW. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Andrew PekoszW. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Sabra L KleinW. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA. sklein2@jhu.edu.

Funding

NIAID Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Response: Universal Influenza Vaccine Research Activities75N93021C00045 · NIAID · JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY · PI PEKOSZ, ANDREW · 2021 to 2025
$23.3M
Virology Resource CoreU54CA260492 · NCI · JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY · PI KLEIN, SABRA L. · 2020 to 2024
$10.4M
FDA HHS U01 FD005946FDA HHS U01FD005946NCI NIH HHS U54 CA260492NCI NIH HHS U54CA260492NIAID NIH HHS 75N93021C00045
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Pregnant women are at heightened risk for severe outcomes from infectious diseases like COVID-19, yet were not included in initial vaccine trials, which may contribute to low booster uptake (15% or lower). We explored the serological and cellular responses to COVID-19 mRNA booster vaccines (i.e., ancestral and BA.5) in pregnant and age-matched, non-pregnant females to identify how pregnancy affects immunity against the vaccine and novel variants. Antibodies from pregnant women were less cross-reactive to non-vaccine antigens, including XBB.1.5 and JN.1. Non-pregnant females showed greater IgG1:IgG3 ratios and neutralization against all variants. In contrast, pregnant women had lower IgG1:IgG3 ratios and neutralization but increased antibody-dependent NK cell cytokine production and neutrophil phagocytosis, especially against novel variants. Pregnancy increased memory CD4+ T cells, IFNγ production, monofunctional dominance, and fatty acid oxidation. Pregnancy may reduce the breadth, composition, and magnitude of humoral and cellular immunity, particularly in response to novel variants.

Identifiers

PMID40804265
PMCPMC12350772

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.