Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40802507›Full record

ArticleCell reports2025

Clonal expansion and diversification of germinal center and memory B cell responses to booster immunization in primates.

Lachlan P Deimel, Yoshiaki Nishimura, Gabriela S Silva Santos, Viren A Baharani, Brianna Hernandez, Thiago Y Oliveira, Andrew J MacLean, Marie Canis, Sadman Shawraz, Anna Gazumyan and 5 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Cell reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Extrafollicular and other non-germinal center B cell responses.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2026
    Review
  3. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

15 authors.

Lachlan P DeimelLaboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA. Electronic address: ldeimel@rockefeller.edu.
Yoshiaki NishimuraLaboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Gabriela S Silva SantosLaboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
Viren A BaharaniLaboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA; Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
Brianna HernandezLaboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
Thiago Y OliveiraLaboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
Andrew J MacLeanLaboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
Marie CanisLaboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
Sadman ShawrazLaboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
Anna GazumyanLaboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
Harald HartwegerLaboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
Paul D BieniaszLaboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY, USA.
Theodora HatziioannouLaboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
Malcolm A MartinLaboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Michel C NussenzweigLaboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY, USA. Electronic address: nussen@rockefeller.edu.

Funding

Identification of neutralizing epitopes on SARS-CoV-2 spike for design of vaccines and small-molecule antiviralsUM1AI144462 · NIAID · SCRIPPS RESEARCH INSTITUTE, THE · PI BURTON, DENNIS R. · 2019 to 2025
$201.6M
Stuctural basis of bNab activityP01AI100148 · NIAID · CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY · PI Pamela J Bjorkman · 2013 to 2026
$43.3M
Class Switch Recombination in B LymphocytesR37AI037526 · NIAID · ROCKEFELLER UNIVERSITY · PI NUSSENZWEIG, MICHEL C · 2014 to 2023
$5.4M
NIAID NIH HHS P01 AI100148NIAID NIH HHS R37 AI037526NIAID NIH HHS UM1 AI144462
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Effective vaccines elicit B cell clonal expansion in germinal centers (GCs) that produce memory B cells and antibody-secreting plasma cells. In mice, memory B cells rarely re-enter GCs upon boosting and instead differentiate into plasma cells. However, mouse circulating memory constitutes only 1%-2% of B cells, compared to 30%-50% in primates. We examine memory and GC B cell responses in rhesus macaques immunized and boosted ipsilaterally or contralaterally with an mRNA vaccine encoding the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike protein. The neutralizing activity of antibodies cloned from the memory compartment, as well as the size of the compartment, was independent of the site of boosting. We show that memory B cells enter and undergo iterative expansion in newly developing GCs when boosting is at a site distal to the site of priming. Thus, in primates, high-affinity memory B cells constitute a reservoir that actively participates in further development of immunity irrespective of the anatomical site of vaccine boosting.

Indexed as

B-LymphocytesCOVID-19COVID-19 VaccinesGerminal CenterImmunization, SecondaryImmunologic MemoryMemory B CellsAnimalsAntibodies, NeutralizingAntibodies, ViralMacaca mulattaSARS-CoV-2Spike Glycoprotein, CoronavirusAntibodies, NeutralizingAntibodies, ViralCOVID-19 VaccinesSpike Glycoprotein, Coronavirusspike protein, SARS-CoV-2antibodiesB cellsCP: Immunologygerminal centermemory B cellsmRNA vaccinesneutralizationnon-human primatesSARS-CoV-2vaccine boosters

Identifiers

PMID40802507
PMCPMC12617206

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.