ReviewClinical pharmacokinetics2025
Double Peaking Phenomena in Pharmacokinetic Disposition Revisited.
Review in Clinical pharmacokinetics, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- CNS distribution and preclinical activity of the PI3K/AKT inhibitors inavolisib and ipatasertib in pediatric-type diffuse high-grade gliomas.Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology · 2026Article
- Mitragynine and 7-hydroxy-mitragyine plasma pharmacokinetics in humans after single and 15 multiple oral kratom extract doses.Journal of analytical toxicology · 2026Article
- Evaluating Orally Administered Meloxicam-Loaded Polymeric Nanocapsules in Female Dogs: A Population Pharmacokinetic Modeling Study.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- A Top-Down Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling Approach to Explore Unexpected Bio-inequivalence of Experimental Oral Formulations in Dogs.Pharmaceutical research · 2026Article
- Case Report: Massive sustained-release valproate overdose with prolonged gastric tablet retention and partial pharmacobezoar formation managed by endoscopic removal and delayed extracorporeal therapy.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Multiple peaking in pharmacokinetics refers to the occurrence of two or more peaks of drug plasma concentrations following a single dose administration. It complicates interpretation of pharmacokinetics parameters and influences clinical decision-making regarding drug efficacy and bioequivalence. This review re-examines and extends an earlier seminal review on the physicochemical and formulation-related causes and physiological mechanisms of multiple peaking. In addition to the previously discussed mechanisms, factors such as lymphatic drug uptake, enterogastric recycling, hepatoenteric recycling, dual absorption pathways, overdose scenarios, and pharmacobezoar formation have also been identified as contributors to the multiple peaking phenomenon. Furthermore, the role of specialized formulations, particularly pulsatile drug delivery systems (PDDS), has been explored in relation to their impact on this complex pharmacokinetics behavior. Moreover, this review highlights advanced modeling tools, namely physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling (PBPK), illustrating how they can be applied to decipher complex absorption profiles, and highlights bioequivalence considerations for products exhibiting multiple peaks, such as partial area under the curve (pAUC). Improved identification and modeling of this phenomenon is critical to optimizing drug development, therapeutic monitoring, precision dosing, and regulatory decision-making.
Indexed as
Identifiers
40802044What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.