ArticleJournal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines2026
Early manifestations of unexpected bilingualism in minimally verbal autism.
Article in Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Social enhancement of associative learning in neurotypical, speaking autistic, and minimally speaking autistic preschoolers.Molecular autism · 2026Article
- Autistic Children With Speech Onset Delay Show Reversed Bias in Spectral Versus Temporal Auditory Processing.Autism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research · 2026Article
- Autism-ness Does Not Exist, but Autism Does, Part 2: The Perception-Language Chimera Model Accounts for the Nature, Chronology, and Interrelation of Autistic Signs.Autism & developmental language impairmentsArticle
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3 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundUnexpected bilingualism (UB) in autism, in which children speak languages not spoken in their social environment, has been sporadically reported. UB implies that autistic children can acquire languages in a non-socially interactive way. The early minimally verbal period in autism could be critical for non-interactive language acquisition, given the predominance of non-social interests at that time. However, evidence of language acquisition outside social interaction during this period remains limited and restricted to small case studies.
methodsCaregivers of 119 autistic, 102 non-autistic clinical, and 75 typically developing (TD) children aged 2-6 years completed a structured questionnaire about their children's language-related interests and use. They were also asked to estimate the relative proportion of each language their children were exposed to in their social environment. UB was operationalized as the use of at least one language not spoken in the child's social environment to name letters and/or numbers.
resultsOf the autistic group, 53% were considered minimally verbal. A total of 38.7% of autistic children displayed UB, with autistic children being 4.38 times more likely to show UB than TD children (p < .001). In contrast, the non-autistic clinical children did not differ significantly from TD children. The presence of UB was not associated with the children's expressive language level. Autistic children were 8.28 times more likely than TD children to use a non-dominant language (here English) (p < .001), after controlling for their proportion of social exposure to that language. Non-interactive media were the only sources caregivers reported to explain the presence of UB in autistic children.
conclusionsAutistic children, even those who are minimally verbal, are less dependent on their social environment for specific aspects of language development. Non-interactive pathways of language acquisition may have a prominent role in early language development in autism.
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