Effective connectivity predicts distributed neural coding of perceptual decision confidence, uncertainty, and speed.

Decision making is often accompanied by a level of confidence regarding the accuracy of one's decision. Previous studies have indicated neural activity associated with perceptual decision confidence during sensory stimulus presentation. Choice-based reaction time (RT) has been suggested as an indirect but more objective measure of decision confidence-generally faster RT for higher confidence. However, it is unclear whether choice confidence and RT are mediated by distinct neural pathways, and whether their neural correlates are encoded nonlinearly. Within a perceptual decision-making task, we applied functional magnetic resonance imaging-informed electroencephalography-based effective connectivity analysis via dynamic causal modelling (DCM) on event-related potentials and found the frontoparietal network for fast-vs-slow RT condition to be different from that of high-vs-low confidence rating condition. Furthermore, trial-by-trial DCM analysis predicted cortical layer-based, distributed, and nonlinear coding of RT, confidence or uncertainty. Collectively, our study suggests that decision confidence and speed are instantiated by different dynamical networks distributed across cortical layers.