Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40800080›Full record

ArticleBilingualism (Cambridge, England)2025

Working Memory Structure in Young Spanish-English Bilingual Children.

Mary Alt, DeAnne R Paulino Hunter, Roy Levy, Sarah Lynn Neiling, Kimberly Leon, Genesis D Arizmendi, Nelson Cowan, Shelley Gray

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Bilingualism (Cambridge, England), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Mary AltUniversity of Arizona.
DeAnne R Paulino HunterArizona State University.
Roy LevyArizona State University.
Sarah Lynn NeilingUniversity of Arizona.
Kimberly LeonUniversity of Arizona.
Genesis D ArizmendiUniversity of Arizona.
Nelson CowanUniversity of Missouri-Columbia.
Shelley GrayArizona State University.

Funding

Working Memory and Word Learning in Children with Typical Development and LanguagR01DC010784 · NIDCD · ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY-TEMPE CAMPUS · PI GRAY, SHELLEY I, PHD, CCC-SLP · 2011 to 2022
$5.8M
NIDCD NIH HHS R01 DC010784
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Working memory encompasses the limited incoming information that can be held in mind for cognitive processing. To date, we have little information on the effects of bilingualism on working memory because, absent evidence, working memory tasks cannot be assumed to measure the same constructs across language groups. To garner evidence regarding the measurement equivalence in Spanish and English, we examined second-grade children with typical development, including 80 bilingual Spanish-English-speakers and 167 monolingual English-speakers in the U.S., using a test battery for which structural equation models have been tested - the

Indexed as

bilingualchildreninvariance testingmodelsworking memory

Identifiers

PMID40800080
PMCPMC12338489

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.