Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40799646›Full record

ArticleFrontiers in immunology2025

CD2-targeted nanoparticles encapsulating IL-2 induce tolerogenic Tregs and TGF-β-producing NK cells that stabilize Tregs for long-term therapeutic efficacy in immune-mediated disorders.

David A Horwitz, Dongin Kim, Chang Kang, Katja Brion, Sean Bickerton, Antonio La Cava

Abstract read
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Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

David A HorwitzGeneral Nanotherapeutics, Santa Monica, CA, United States.
Dongin KimDepartment of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States.
Chang KangDepartment of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States.
Katja BrionDepartment of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
Sean BickertonDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States.
Antonio La CavaDepartment of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

T regulatory cells (Tregs) generated in the periphery (pTregs) are initially unstable, but some of them stabilize with time. The stabilization signals, however, are poorly understood. We have previously reported that the treatment of mice with poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) decorated with anti-CD2 antibodies and encapsulating IL-2 and TGF-β induced tolerogenic CD4

Indexed as

CD2 AntigensImmune ToleranceInterleukin-2Killer Cells, NaturalNanoparticlesT-Lymphocytes, RegulatoryTransforming Growth Factor betaAnimalsGraft vs Host DiseaseMiceMice, Inbred C57BLPolylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid CopolymerCD2 AntigensInterleukin-2Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid CopolymerTransforming Growth Factor betaautoimmunityIL-2immune tolerancenanoparticlesNK cellsTGF-βT regulatory cells (Tregs)

Identifiers

PMID40799646
PMCPMC12339487

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.