Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40799421›Full record

ArticleTranslational lung cancer research2025

Risk factors behind the global lung cancer burden: a pan-database exploration.

Wenhan Cao, Zhixuan You, Zihui Wang, Zhiman Liang, Haiyang Li, Zhenglin Chang, Youpeng Chen, Guanghui Dong, Zhangkai Jason Cheng, Baoqing Sun

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Translational lung cancer research, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
12citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

12 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Wenhan Cao *Department of Clinical Laboratory, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou, China.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3652-3399
Zhixuan You *Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
Zihui Wang *Department of Clinical Laboratory, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou, China.
Zhiman Liang *Department of Clinical Laboratory, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou, China.
Haiyang Li *Department of Clinical Laboratory, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou, China.
Zhenglin ChangDepartment of Clinical Laboratory, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou, China.
Youpeng ChenDepartment of Clinical Laboratory, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou, China.
Guanghui DongGuangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
Zhangkai Jason ChengDepartment of Clinical Laboratory, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou, China.
Baoqing SunDepartment of Clinical Laboratory, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou, China.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Background: Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality worldwide. Understanding its multifactorial risk factors is crucial for effective prevention strategies. While tobacco smoking remains the primary risk factor, the roles of other factors are less well understood across different global settings. This study aimed to provide a comprehensive analysis of global lung cancer trends from 1990 to 2021, examining associations between lung cancer outcomes and diverse environmental, socioeconomic, lifestyle, and dietary factors across 201 countries. Methods: We conducted a comprehensive analysis of lung cancer prevalence and mortality from 1990 to 2021 across 201 countries, utilizing data from multiple international databases, including the Global Burden of Disease Study and the World Health Organization. We assessed associations between lung cancer outcomes and various environmental, socioeconomic, lifestyle, and dietary factors using correlation analysis, generalized linear models, and canonical correlation analysis. Results: Globally, lung cancer cases increased from 1.40 million in 1990 to 3.25 million in 2021, while age-standardized prevalence remained relatively stable. Smoking showed the strongest correlation with lung cancer prevalence (r=0.753, P<0.001), with urbanization also showing a significant positive association (r=0.481, P<0.001). Ambient temperature was negatively correlated with lung cancer prevalence (r=-0.296, P<0.001). Cooking methods influenced risk: gas cooking was associated with lower lung cancer prevalence compared to biomass cooking. These findings highlight the complex interplay of factors influencing lung cancer risk globally. Conclusions: While smoking remains the predominant risk factor for lung cancer, other factors such as urbanization, ambient temperature, and cooking methods significantly influence global prevalence patterns. Our study underscores the need for comprehensive public health strategies that address environmental and lifestyle factors alongside traditional risk factors. These insights are critical for informing targeted interventions aimed at reducing the global burden of lung cancer, especially in the context of rapid urbanization and climate change.

Indexed as

epidemiologyglobalLung cancerpublic healthrisk factors

Identifiers

PMID40799421
PMCPMC12337058

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.