ArticleScientific reports2025
Sex estimation using humerus volume in a Korean population with varying bone preservation.
Article in Scientific reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
In forensic anthropology, the pelvis and skull exhibit high accuracy in sex estimation; however, other skeletal elements are necessary when these are fragmentary. We aimed to develop a novel metric approach for sex estimation using the humerus. We analyzed three-dimensional images of the right and left humeri of 600 individuals through logistic regression analysis and validation of sex estimation. Logistic regression was applied to three specific parameters: maximum length, 20% volume/maximum length of the intact humerus, and 5 cm volume/the fragmentary humerus. For the maximum length, the sex estimation accuracy was 76%(right) and 75%(left), respectively. Using the 20% volume/maximum length of the intact humerus, the accuracy in the head region was 93%(right) and 91%(left); in the mid-shaft region, it was 93%(right) and 92%(left), respectively; and in the distal region, it was 92% for both sides. The accuracy for the 5 cm volume of the fragmentary humerus in the head region was 91%(right) and 93%(left), whereas in the distal region, it was 92%(right) and 89%(left), respectively. This study demonstrates that the use of three-dimensional images of the Korean humerus provides higher accuracy and reliability in sex estimation compared to conventional two-dimensional metric methods, which offer limited information on bone measurements.
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