ArticleNPJ biofilms and microbiomes2025
Endolysin selectively kills Gardnerella ex vivo in vaginal samples from women with bacterial vaginosis.
Article in NPJ biofilms and microbiomes, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- The Human Vaginal Virome: Composition, Microbiome Interactions, and Implications for Bacterial Vaginosis, HPV Persistence, and Preterm Birth.Microorganisms · 2026Review
- The vaginal microbiome in pregnancy and preterm birth: mechanisms, disparities, and therapeutic opportunities.NPJ biofilms and microbiomes · 2026Review
- Phage therapy for treatment of bacterial vaginosis.Archives of microbiology · 2026Review
- Precision Microbial Therapeutics for Infertility: Next-Generation Probiotics, Engineered Biologics and Translational Pathways.Microbial biotechnology · 2026Review
- Advances in treating bacterial vaginosis: recognizing sexual transmission and pipeline of therapies.Current opinion in infectious diseases · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Current treatments for bacterial vaginosis (BV) often result in recurrent disease. Gardnerella, a key player in BV pathogenesis, forms biofilms on vaginal epithelial cells. Recombinant endolysins have shown to specifically kill Gardnerella, but not commensal lactobacilli, in vitro. This study evaluated the pharmacodynamics of BNT331-endolysin (BNT331-EL) on vaginal samples from 49 women with BV (Nugent score ≥7, Amsel criteria, and clue cells). Whole genome sequencing confirmed BV-associated community state types IV-B and III, with Gardnerella dominating in 53% of samples and present in 86%. Ex vivo treatment with BNT331-EL reduced viable Gardnerella by ≥94% at 20-50 µg/mL over 19 h. L. iners was reduced by an average of 92% across samples, while L. crispatus proliferated where present in substantial amounts. Endolysin treatment effectively disrupted Gardnerella biofilms and reduced viable bacterial load in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. These results informed the definition of the treatment dose for a first-in-human trial with BNT331-EL.
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Registered trials
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