SynthesisScientific reports2025
Effectiveness of cooling strategies for emergency personnel: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in Scientific reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Systematic review and narrative synthesis of behavioral interventions to improve heat-related illness prevention in community and occupational populations.BMC public health · 2025Pooled it
- Beyond Water, Rest, and Shade: Advancing Farmworker Heat Protection Through Partnership.American journal of industrial medicine · 2026Article
- [Heat-related illnesses in emergency and intensive care medicine : Consensus paper of the German Society for Internal Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine (DGIIN) and the German Association for Emergency Medicine (DGINA)].Medizinische Klinik, Intensivmedizin und Notfallmedizin · 2026Review
- Mapping the impacts of climate change on prehospital emergency medical services: protocol for a scoping review.BMJ open · 2026Article
- Design and evaluation of novel microtube-based and fan-assisted evaporative cooling vests in climatic chamber under hot and dry conditions.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Personal Protective Equipment Immediately Alters the Core-Skin Temperature Gradient in Recruit Firefighters.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Emergency personnel operating in high-temperature environments while wearing protective equipment experience substantial thermophysiological strain, impairing performance and increasing the risk of heat-related illnesses. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the effects of cooling interventions on core temperature, skin temperature, heart rate, sweat rate and tolerance time in emergency personnel exposed to heat stress. A comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed-MEDLINE, Web of Science and Cochrane Library databases up to March 2024. Controlled experimental studies published in English or Spanish were included if they assessed cooling interventions (pre-, per-, intermittent, or post-cooling; internal vs. external methods) in participants wearing protective clothing in heat stress conditions (> 28 °C), and included a non-cooling control group. Twenty studies met the inclusion criteria. Cooling interventions significantly reduced core temperature (ES = - 0.56, p < 0.001), heart rate (ES = - 0.42, p = 0.001), and sweat rate (ES = - 0.70, p < 0.001), while improving tolerance time (ES = 1.44, p = 0.003). Intermittent and per-cooling approaches, particularly those employing mixed-method strategies (e.g., cooling vests with immersion or ice slurry ingestion), yielded the greatest benefits. No significant changes were observed in skin temperature. Cooling interventions effectively mitigate physiological strain in emergency personnel exposed to heat stress. Intermittent and per-cooling using combined methods appear most effective. Nonetheless, logistical constraints may limit field implementation, highlighting the need for further research to optimize practical cooling protocols.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.