ArticleAnesthesia and pain medicine2025
Use of combined spinal epidural technique with milrinone nebulization in a patient with pulmonary stenosis posted for elective cesarean section - A case report.
Article in Anesthesia and pain medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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1 citing paper in PubMed.
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundAnesthetic management in pregnant women with congenital heart disease is complex due to physiological changes during pregnancy and the specific hemodynamic challenges posed by different cardiac anomalies. A multidisciplinary approach is essential to optimize maternal and fetal outcomes. Pregnancy induces significant cardiovascular changes to meet the increased metabolic demands of the mother and growing fetus. Cardiovascular changes may aggravate the underlying pathology during pregnancy, leading to hemodynamic instability. CASE: A 27-year-old pregnant woman presented with severe pulmonary stenosis after pulmonary valve balloon dilatation for an elective cesarean section using a combined spinal-epidural technique (CSE) and milrinone nebulization to avoid right ventricular dysfunction.
conclusionsCSE reduces the stress response to surgery, minimizes myocardial depression associated with anesthetic drugs, and improves postoperative pain control. Techniques such as milrinone nebulization may help lessen the hemodynamic perturbations associated with auto-transfusion post-delivery.
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