ReviewInternational journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease2025
The Burden of COPD with Type 2 Inflammation in North-West Continental Europe.
Review in International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Beyond inhaled medications: precision medicine and biologic therapies targeting the IL-33/TSLP/type 2 axis in COPD.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a complex and heterogeneous disease that places a huge burden on patients, health systems and societies. Yet despite this, COPD is often neglected: it is frequently underdiagnosed or misdiagnosed, and since tobacco exposure is a primary risk factor for its development, patients are often stigmatized and marginalized because they are perceived as having a "self-inflicted" disease. COPD is primarily understood to be a functional disorder with chronic airway obstruction, yet there are several underlying inflammatory pathways. For most patients with COPD, type 1 (neutrophilic) inflammation is the main such pathway; however, a considerable proportion has type 2 inflammation (associated with elevated eosinophil numbers). COPD with type 2 inflammation may represent a distinct COPD phenotype and a "treatable trait". In fact, the response to inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) is linked to blood eosinophil levels: treatment effects begin to increase in patients with blood eosinophil counts ≥100 cells/μL, and most treatment guidelines recommend considering ICS for patients with blood eosinophil counts ≥300 cells/μL. Data on the burden of COPD with type 2 inflammation are limited. COPD with type 2 inflammation may associate with poor outcomes, and higher blood eosinophil counts positively associate with an increased risk of moderate or severe exacerbations. Exacerbations are among the most dangerous aspects of COPD, accelerating disease progression and increasing morbidity and mortality. This review explores the burden of COPD - specifically eosinophilic COPD - across north-western Europe. It aims to provide information relevant to patients, clinicians and policymakers, educating them about type 2 inflammation and its contribution to the disease burden. It has been informed by multiple stakeholders, including patients, and offers practical and achievable recommendations for enhancing the care of all patients with COPD through a better understanding of COPD with type 2 inflammation.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.