ArticleFrontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology2025
Restoration of tendon repair microenvironment by grapefruit exosome-loaded microneedle system for tendinopathy therapy.
Article in Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Extracellular Vesicles Are Associated With Biological, Mechanical, and Structural Tendon Healing Metrics in Preclinical Models: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society · 2026Pooled it
- Research advances in microneedle-exosome delivery systems for the treatment of multisystem diseases.Regenerative therapy · 2026Review
- Microneedle delivery of 3D bioprinted tendon stem/progenitor cells microfiber-derived extracellular vesicles enhances chronic massive rotator cuff tears healing.Materials today. Bio · 2026Article
- Bee sting-shaped microneedles for accelerating Achilles tendinopathy healing via enhanced regulating macrophage polarization.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Article
- Plant-derived extracellular vesicles for drug delivery: current and future.Regenerative biomaterials · 2026Review
- Microneedle-Enabled Exosome Therapy: From Tumor Targeting to Precision Treatment of Complex Diseases.International journal of nanomedicine · 2026Review
- Engineering Extracellular Vesicles for Tumor Targeted Therapy: Source Optimization, Modification, and Clinical Application.International journal of nanomedicine · 2026Review
- Transcriptomic Profiling Reveals NF-κB-Associated Immune Regulatory Signatures Underlying the Regenerative Effects of Hypoxia-Preconditioned Tendon Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles.BioFactors (Oxford, England)Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Tendinitis repair remains challenging due to the limited self-renewal capacity of tenocytes and persistent inflammatory microenvironment. Conventional therapies remain limited by systemic drug toxicity and fail to coordinate immunomodulation with matrix remodeling. Plant-derived extracellular vesicles have demonstrated tissue repair potential owing to their unique bioactive components and exceptional cross-species compatibility. Nevertheless, their therapeutic role in tendon matrix regeneration remains underexplored. Here, we developed a grapefruit-derived exosome-loaded microneedle patch (MN@GF-Exos) to synergistically restored tendon structure and functions. Grapefruit-derived exosomes (GF-Exos) were loaded into dissolvable hyaluronic acid microneedles (MNs) for sustained release. GF-Exos reversed oxidative stress in tenocytes, enhancing cellular proliferation and migration, restoring collagen I synthesis, and polarizing macrophages toward M2-repair phenotypes. Transcriptomics revealed GF-Exos modulated cytokine-cytokine receptor interactions, suppressing inflammation-related pathways and activating ECM organization genes. In collagenase-induced tendinopathy mice, MN@GF-Exos enhanced gait recovery and extracellular matrix remodeling. Histology confirmed reduced fibrosis without ectopic ossification. Systemic safety was validated by unchanged organ histology and within-normal-limits serum biomarkers. This dual-functional system leverages plant exosomes' multi-component synergy and MN's spatiotemporal control, offering a translatable strategy for chronic tendon regeneration.
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