SynthesisBMC ophthalmology2025
Prevalence of non-strabismic binocular vision anomalies and age-related changes in binocular vision among middle-aged and older adults: a systematic review.
Synthesis in BMC ophthalmology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Binocular Vision Anomalies: An Update on Prevalence, Impact, Technological and Treatment Developments and Current Challenges.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2026Review
- Interpupillary Distance and Binocular Vision: Assessing the Association Between Anatomy and Sensory-Motor Functions.Brain sciences · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundWith the global aging population, binocular vision anomalies in middle-aged and older adults have gained increasing attention. Non-Strabismic Binocular Vision Anomalies (NSBVAs) are particularly prevalent in this population, yet clinical research remains insufficient. To bridge this gap, we conducted a systematic review to evaluate NSBVAs prevalence and subtypes in middle-aged and older adults and analyze age-related changes in binocular vision. The aim was to clarify how aging affects binocular function and inform clinical management.
methodsStudies were identified using PubMed, Web of Science and existing reviews, with the search strategy incorporating terms related to binocular vision alterations in middle-aged and older adults (40 years and older). Cross-sectional studies and observational cohort studies investigating binocular vision alterations in this population were included. The study adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses 2020 statement guidelines. Two independent researchers carried out all study procedures, including literature search, quality assessment using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme Quality Appraisal Scale, and blinded study selection and data extraction. The main outcomes and measures were the measurement parameters of binocular vision function and the prevalence rates of NSBVAs in middle-aged and older adults.
resultsAmong the eight studies included in this review, all examined binocular vision measures in middle-aged and older adults. Age demonstrates a significant influence on these measures. However, data regarding the prevalence of binocular vision anomalies within this population remain limited. Specifically, only four studies reported the prevalence of specific diagnosed conditions, while an additional two studies documented the prevalence of abnormal binocular vision test results that did not correspond to defined diagnostic criteria. All eight studies were assessed as being of moderate to high methodological quality.
conclusionThe existing literature indicates that age significantly influences binocular vision function, with NSBVAs being particularly prevalent among middle-aged and older adults. However, prior studies predominantly focus on the prevalence of abnormal individual test results in this group, while limited data are available regarding actual diagnostic conditions. Establishing normative reference values for binocular vision parameters is therefore essential to determine a more accurate prevalence rate of NSBVAs in this population.
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Registered trials
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