Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40789919›Full record

ArticleNature genetics2025

Genetic variation at transcription factor binding sites largely explains phenotypic heritability in maize.

Julia Engelhorn, Samantha J Snodgrass, Amelie Kok, Arun S Seetharam, Michael Schneider, Tatjana Kiwit, Ayush Singh, Michael Banf, Duong Thi Hai Doan, Merritt Khaipho-Burch and 15 more

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Nature genetics, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
30citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

30 citing papers in PubMed.

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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

25 authors.

Julia EngelhornHeinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institute for Molecular Physiology, Düsseldorf, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6680-3012
Samantha J SnodgrassDepartment of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9209-6051
Amelie KokHeinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institute for Molecular Physiology, Düsseldorf, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0009-5930-5232
Arun S SeetharamDepartment of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6789-9298
Michael SchneiderHeinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institute for Quantitative Genetics and Genomics of Plants, Düsseldorf, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6491-8852
Tatjana KiwitHeinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institute for Molecular Physiology, Düsseldorf, Germany.
Ayush SinghDepartment of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0184-4486
Michael BanfPerelyn, Munich, Germany.
Duong Thi Hai DoanHeinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institute for Molecular Physiology, Düsseldorf, Germany.
Merritt Khaipho-BurchSchool of Integrative Plant Sciences, Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
Daniel E RuncieDepartment of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3008-9312
Victor A Sánchez-CamargoSwammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7184-0301
Rechien BaderSwammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0001-4738-190X
J Vladimir Torres-RodriguezDepartment of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA.
Guangchao SunMaize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3942-6175
Maike StamSwammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0363-4677
Fabio FioraniInstitute of Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-2: Plant Sciences), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8775-1541
Sebastian BeierInstitute of Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-4: Bioinformatics), Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2177-8781
James C SchnableDepartment of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6739-5527
Hank W BassDepartment of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0522-0881
Matthew B HuffordDepartment of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3945-1143
Benjamin StichCluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6791-8068
Wolf B FrommerHeinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institute for Molecular Physiology, Düsseldorf, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6465-0115
Jeffrey Ross-IbarraDepartment of Evolution and Ecology, Center for Population Biology and Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1656-4954
Thomas HartwigHeinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institute for Molecular Physiology, Düsseldorf, Germany. hartwit@hhu.de.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2707-2771

Funding

Agence Nationale de la Recherche (French National Research Agency) ANR-22-CPJ2-0110-01Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation) 390686111Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation) 458854361EC | Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation H2020) 101081770National Science Foundation (NSF) 1744592National Science Foundation (NSF) 1822330U.S. Department of Agriculture (United States Department of Agriculture) CA-D-PLS-2066-H 548U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) DE-SC0020355
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Comprehensive maps of functional variation at transcription factor (TF) binding sites (cis-elements) are crucial for elucidating how genotype shapes phenotype. Here, we report the construction of a pan-cistrome of the maize leaf under well-watered and drought conditions. We quantified haplotype-specific TF footprints across a pan-genome of 25 maize hybrids and mapped over 200,000 variants, genetic, epigenetic, or both (termed binding quantitative trait loci (bQTL)), linked to cis-element occupancy. Three lines of evidence support the functional significance of bQTL: (1) coincidence with causative loci that regulate traits, including vgt1, ZmTRE1 and the MITE transposon near ZmNAC111 under drought; (2) bQTL allelic bias is shared between inbred parents and matches chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing results; and (3) partitioning genetic variation across genomic regions demonstrates that bQTL capture the majority of heritable trait variation across ~72% of 143 phenotypes. Our study provides an auspicious approach to make functional cis-variation accessible at scale for genetic studies and targeted engineering of complex traits.

Indexed as

Genetic VariationTranscription FactorsZea maysBinding SitesDroughtsGene Expression Regulation, PlantGenome, PlantHaplotypesPhenotypePlant LeavesPlant ProteinsQuantitative Trait, HeritableQuantitative Trait LociPlant ProteinsTranscription Factors

Identifiers

PMID40789919
PMCPMC12425805

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.