Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40789834›Full record

ArticlePediatric cardiology2026

Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome in U.S. Children: A 20-Year Look at Lives Lost and Gaps That Remain.

Ahmed Kamal Siddiqi, Muhammad Talha Maniya, Kumail Mustafa Ali, Scheryar Saqib, Mahmoud H Abdou, Mariana Garcia, Raymundo A Quintana, Sagar Amin, Mohammed Ferras Dabbagh, Muhammad Naeem and 1 more

Abstract read
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Article in Pediatric cardiology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Ahmed Kamal SiddiqiDivision of Cardiothoracic Imaging, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, Clifton Road, NE, Atlanta, GA, 136430322, USA. ahmed.kamal.siddiqi@emory.edu.
Muhammad Talha ManiyaDepartment of Medicine, Ziauddin Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan.
Kumail Mustafa AliDepartment of Medicine, Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan.
Scheryar SaqibDepartment of Medicine, Ziauddin Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan.
Mahmoud H AbdouDivision of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Mariana GarciaDivision of Cardiology, Emory Clinical Cardiovascular Research Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Raymundo A QuintanaCardiovascular Imaging Section, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
Sagar AminDivision of Cardiothoracic Imaging, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, Clifton Road, NE, Atlanta, GA, 136430322, USA.
Mohammed Ferras DabbaghDivision of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Muhammad NaeemDivision of Cardiothoracic Imaging, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, Clifton Road, NE, Atlanta, GA, 136430322, USA.
Carlo N De CeccoDivision of Cardiothoracic Imaging, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, Clifton Road, NE, Atlanta, GA, 136430322, USA.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) is a complex congenital heart defect, characterized by hypoplasia of the left ventricle, the ascending aorta, and the aortic arch often with accompanying aortic and mitral valvular anomalies. If left untreated, HLHS is uniformly fatal in infancy, yet mortality trends remain unexplored. We aim to assess trends in HLHS-related mortality among the U.S. pediatric population. Death certificate data was analyzed from the CDC WONDER database for HLHS-related mortality from 1999 to 2020. Data were stratified by year, age, sex, race, urbanization status, state and census region. Age adjusted mortality rates (AAMR) and crude mortality rates (CMR) per 1,000,000 persons and annual percent changes (APC), were calculated. Between 1999 and 2020, 7053 HLHS-related deaths occurred among the pediatric population aged < 15 years. The overall AAMRs declined steadily from 1999 to 2020 (APC: - 2.54). Males consistently had higher AAMRs than females. Non-Hispanic (NH) Blacks had the highest AAMR in 2020 (4.96), followed by Hispanic/Latinos (3.78) and NH Whites (3.47). AAMRs varied between different regions (overall AAMR Northeast (3.95), Midwest (5.70), South (5.60), and West (5.09)). Urban areas (5.07) had lower HLHS-related AAMR than rural areas (5.93). States in the top 90th percentile of HLHS-related AAMRs (West Virginia, Utah, Iowa, Arkansas, and Maine) had approximately double the AAMRs than those in the bottom-10th percentile. The majority deaths occurred in infants < 1-year (CMR: 71.09), with mortality declining steeply thereafter and minimal CMRs (≤ 0.32) in children aged 9 to 14 years. HLHS-related mortality has declined steadily from 1999 to 2020. The highest AAMRs were observed in Black males and among children living in rural areas. Targeted strategies and public health initiatives are needed to further reduce the burden of HLHS-related mortality among the high-risk groups.

Indexed as

Hypoplastic Left Heart SyndromeAdolescentChildChild, PreschoolFemaleHumansInfantInfant, NewbornMaleSurvival RateUnited StatesCDC WONDERHLHSHypoplastic left heart syndromeMortalityPediatricTrendsUnited States

Identifiers

PMID40789834

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.