Observational studyBMJ open2025
Comparative analysis of metabolic risks and related non-communicable disease burden across sociodemographic index regions from 1990 to 2021.
Observational study in BMJ open, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Targeting Reduced Glutathione (GSH) to Promote Metabolic Health: Insights on the Role of Bioactive-Rich Foods and Fasting Protocols.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Impact of tobacco exposure on global deaths of digestive diseases: Findings from 1990-2021 and projected trends to 2042.Tobacco induced diseases · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveTo analyse the trends and differences of metabolic risks related non-communicable diseases (NCDs) globally and across various sociodemographic index (SDI) regions from 1990 to 2021.
designObservational study.
settingThe data of global and all SDI regions were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 database.
main outcome measuresAge-standardised deaths rate and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) percentage of NCDs attributable to metabolic risk were analysed worldwide and across SDI regions from 1990 to 2021. Besides, we analysed the regional trends of metabolic risk summary exposure value (SEV). A detailed analysis of the specific disease burden of various body systems caused by metabolic risks was also provided.
resultsFrom 1990 to 2021, all regions showed increased SEV for metabolic risks, with the most notable growth in middle (total change: +84.8%, 95% uncertainty intervals (95% UI) 72.6% to 96.0%) and low-middle SDI regions (+84.5%, 95% UI 70.5% to 95.5%). While high SDI regions had the highest SEV (29.916 in 2021, 95% UI 26.968 to 32.237), they experienced significant reductions in mortality (-49.6%, 95% UI -53.5% to -46.2%) attributable to metabolic risks. DALYs associated with metabolic risks, particularly high body mass index (HBMI), increased notably, especially in less-developed regions (DALYs of NCDs due to HBMI in low-middle SDI regions: +99.9%, 95% UI 76.4% to 114.5%). In these areas, notable DALY rises were observed for conditions including cardiovascular diseases, digestive diseases and particularly metabolic risk-related cancers (>80.0%), reflecting a distinctive shift in the distribution of NCD burdens related to metabolic risks.
conclusionsThe rising metabolic risk exposure and associated NCD burden, particularly in less developed regions, underscores the need for targeted public health interventions to mitigate these growing health challenges.
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